电动汽车振动能量回收综述

电动汽车的能量回收在电动汽车出现后不久就被人们所重视,随着各种技术的发展,电动汽车能量回收技术也变得越来越成熟。本文主要研究了电动汽车振动能量回收方式。将部分已经进行的研究进行了归纳,分析了各种回收方式的优劣以及目前面临的问题和解决的建议,并对于电动汽车能量回收的未来发展进行展望。     

Optimum routing of battery electric vehicles: Insights using empirical data and microsimulation

This study investigates the energy consumption impact of route selection on battery electric vehicles (BEVs) using empirical second-by-second Global Positioning System (GPS) commute data and traffic micro-simulation data. Drivers typically choose routes that reduce travel time and therefore travel cost. However, BEVs’ limited driving range makes energy efficient route selection of particular concern to BEV drivers. In addition, BEVs’ regenerative braking systems allow for the recovery of energy while braking, which is affected by route choices. State-of-the-art BEV energy consumption models consider a simplified constant regenerative braking energy efficiency or average speed dependent regenerative braking factors. To overcome these limitations, this study adopted a microscopic BEV energy consumption model, which captures the effect of transient behavior on BEV energy consumption and recovery while braking in a congested network. The study found that BEVs and conventional internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) had different fuel/energy-optimized traffic assignments, suggesting that different routings be recommended for electric vehicles. For the specific case study, simulation results indicate that a faster route could actually increase BEV energy consumption, and that significant energy savings were observed when BEVs utilized a longer travel time route because energy is regenerated. Finally, the study found that regenerated energy was greatly affected by facility types and congestion levels and also BEVs’ energy efficiency could be significantly influenced by regenerated energy.     

Energy factors for flexible fuel engines and vehicles operating with gasoline-ethanol blends

This work investigates the energy factors for fuel conversion from the analysis of brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) maps of a sample of 15 engines, representative of 75% of current models available in the Brazilian market. The method also employs the engine driving patterns of power output versus crankshaft speed obtained from bench dynamometer tests. The energy factors obtained from the engine analysis was validated against experiments carried out with two production vehicles in laboratory tests following the 1975 US Federal Test Procedure (FTP-75) procedure and road tests following 16 different urban and highway routes. The fuels used in the tests were hydrous ethanol (E100, 6 v/v % water) and a blend of 22 v/v % anhydrous ethanol and 78 v/v % gasoline (E22). The energy factors found from the 3D engine BSFC map analysis were higher than those obtained from the Willans line, currently adopted as a standard, by 52% for E22 and 57% for E100. The results from the 3D engine BFSC maps and the first vehicle following the FTP-75 cycle and 15 road routes were similar, also close to the results from the second vehicle, qualifying them to be representative of modern flexible fuel spark ignition engines and vehicles.     

图像感兴趣区域提取技术研究

感兴趣区域提取技术在图像分析与处理领域中起着重要的作用。文中对现有的感兴趣区域提取技术进行了深入探讨，详细研究了当前几种较具代表性的感兴趣区域提取技术，并对其提取效果做了评价。总结了它们的优缺点以及适用场景，为用户选取合适的感兴趣区域提取方法，提供了实验依据。     

地铁车站票务设备节能优化研究

为解决城市轨道交通车站售票能力冗余导致城市电力资源及地铁公司运营成本闲置的问题,分析普通车站日常客流分布,综合考虑地铁车站售票设备成本和乘客的时间成本因素,建立地铁车站售票设备开启数量优化模型,同时通过排队论和Lingo软件进行计算,获得最优化的地铁车站售票设备开启数量。以郑州地铁农业南路站的日常客流为例,应用地铁车站售票设备开启数量优化模型,计算得到农业南路站售票设备优化方案,通过优化方案进行节能成果分析证明,该方案可有效节约城市电力资源及地铁公司运营成本。     

Modeling of individual vehicle safety and fuel consumption under comprehensive external conditions

This research intends to explore external factors affecting driving safety and fuel consumption, and build a risk and fuel consumption prediction model for individual drivers based on natural driving data. Based on 120 taxi drivers’ natural driving data during 4 months, driving behavior data under various conditions of the roadway, traffic, weather, and time of day are extracted. The driver's fuel consumption is directly collected by the on-board diagnostics (OBD) unit, and safety index is calculated based on Data Threshold Violations (DTV) and Phase Plane Analysis with Limits (PPAL) considering speed, longitudinal and lateral acceleration. By using a linear mixed model explaining the fixed effect of the external conditions and the random effect of the driver, the influences of various external factors on fuel consumption and safety are analyzed and discussed. The prediction model lays a foundation for drivers' fuel consumption and risk prediction in different external conditions, which could help improve individual driving behavior for the benefit of both fuel consumption and safety.     

基于微电网的城轨再生制动能量回馈系统

为减小再生制动能量的冲击性和间歇性,提出一种基于微电网的再生制动能量回馈系统,利用城轨出入口电动汽车的闲置时间,发挥其储能特性和可调度特性,平抑制动能量的冲击性和间歇性,为车站提供稳定的绿色电力。为使所提微电网再生制动能量回馈系统的安全可靠工作,设计了再生制动能量回馈控制,逆变器恒功率控制及电动汽车充放电控制,同时考虑到电动汽车充放电受荷电状态约束,提出了一种基于滞环比较器的协调控制方法,以实现再生制动能量回馈控制,逆变器恒功率控制的同时避免电动汽车过充或过放。最后搭建Simulink仿真模型对所提微电网再生制动能量回馈系统进行验证,结果表明:所提运行控制和协调控制方法是有效可行的,对再生制动能量的利用具有应用和研究价值。     

混合动力在交通运输行业的应用

为节约能源,改善环境,混合动力汽车应运而生。分析混合动力技术的工作原理。分别介绍混合动力汽车的分类及代表车型,混合动力汽车的普及和政策扶持情况,标准制定工作。并介绍混合动力汽车在中国市场和国际市场上的发展。     

Airline energy efficiency measures considering carbon abatement: A new strategic framework

In this paper, airline energy efficiency is divided into two stages: Operations Stage and Carbon Abatement Stage. This new two-stage operating framework is a modification of existing ones. Then the model, Network SBM with weak disposability, is presented to evaluate the efficiency of 22 international airlines from 2008 to 2012. The results show that: (1) Most airlines’ energy efficiencies have not declined in the period. (2) The average efficiency of European airlines is higher than that of non-European airlines. (3) Non-European airlines have smaller advancements in efficiency score than European airlines. (4) Most airlines’ efficiencies in Operations Stage are higher than Carbon Abatement Stage.     

Effect of mass on multimodal fuel consumption in moving people and freight in the U.S.

The United States transportation sector consumes 5 billion barrels of petroleum annually to move people and freight around the country by car, truck, train, ship and aircraft, emitting significant greenhouse gases in the process. Making the transportation system more sustainable by reducing these emissions and increasing the efficiency of this multimodal system can be achieved through several vehicle-centric strategies. We focus here on one of these strategies – reducing vehicle mass – and on collecting and developing a set of physics-based expressions to describe the effect of vehicle mass reduction on fuel consumption across transportation modes in the U.S. These expressions allow analysts to estimate fuel savings resulting from vehicle mass reductions (termed fuel reduction value, FRV), across modes, without resorting to specialized software or extensive modeling efforts, and to evaluate greenhouse gas emission and cost implications of these fuel savings. We describe how FRV differs from fuel intensity (FI) and how to properly use both of these metrics, and we provide a method to adjust FI based on mass changes and FRV. Based on this work, we estimate that a 10% vehicle mass reduction (assuming constant payload mass) results in a 2% improvement in fuel consumption for trains and light, medium, and heavy trucks, 4% for buses, and 7% for aircraft. When a 10% vehicle mass reduction is offset by an increase in an equivalent mass of payload, fuel intensity (fuel used per unit mass of payload) increases from 6% to 23%, with the largest increase being for aircraft.