Conceptualizing Social Outcomes of Large Marine Protected Areas

There has been an assumption that because many large marine protected areas (LMPAs) are designated in areas with relatively few direct uses, they therefore have few stakeholders and negligible social outcomes. This article challenges this assumption with diverse examples of social outcomes that are distinctive in LMPAs. We define social outcomes as inclusive of both social change processes and social impacts, where “social” includes all perceptual or material human dimensions. We draw on five in-depth case studies to report social outcomes resulting from proposed or designated LMPAs in Bermuda, Rapa Nui (Easter Island), Kiribati, Palau, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands & Guam. We conclude: (1) social outcomes arise even in remote LMPAs; (2) LMPA efforts generate social outcomes at all stages of development; (3) LMPAs have the potential to produce outcomes at a higher level of social organization, which can change the scope and type of affected populations and, in some cases, the nature and stakes of the outcomes themselves; (4) the potential for LMPAs to impart distinctive social outcomes results from their unique geographies and/or intersection with high-level politics and policy processes; and (5) social outcomes of LMPAs may emerge in the form of social change processes and/or social impacts.     

喷水推进轴流泵三元水力设计

基于环量的三元设计方法和计算流体动力学,研究了叶片数、叶片流向环量中心位置与叶片出口边环量对叶轮性能的影响,分析了导叶进口边和出口边环量对喷水推进轴流泵性能的影响,通过合理地控制这些因素,设计了一种效率高、空化性能好的喷水推进轴流泵。在流量为56.2m3·s-1时,泵的扬程为35.9m,功率为21 465kW,效率为92.3%,可见,设计泵的性能优良,效率高。研究结果表明:增加叶片数能够有效减小单叶片转矩,当叶片数从5个增加到7个时,单叶片转矩减小了21%;叶片环量中心靠近出口边,有利于提高叶轮的空化性能,当环量中心从叶片弦长的0.3处移动到0.7处时,叶轮吸力面空化面积减小80%;叶轮出口边环量斜率会影响叶轮效率,当斜率分别为0.8、1.0和1.2时,叶轮效率逐步提高;当出口边环量从0.40增加到0.50时,叶轮的扬程和功率近似线性增加,扬程增加19.9%,功率增加19.5%;随着导叶进口边环量与出口边环量的比值的增大,泵效率先增大后减小,当比值为0.93时,泵的效率最高;导叶出口边环量分布会影响泵的效率、出口不均匀度和出口周向动能,当导叶出口边环量为-0.05时,泵的效率最高,出口不均匀度和出口周向动能最小。     

Multisite,Interdisciplinary Applications of Science to Marine Policy: The Conservation International Marine Management Area Science Program

This special issue provides insight into global conservation science by analyzing a 5-year, $12.5 million global marine conservation science and policy program that included over 50 studies in four priority regions involving over 100 scientists and numerous partners. In doing so, it provides reflections on critical challenges for any conservation science program that is intended to inform policymaking, including how to (1) ensure that science process and products influence conservation actions, (2) build global learning from a network of site-based projects, (3) strengthen in-region capacity, and (4) manage relationships across scales among scientists, conservationists, headquarters, and field-based staff. Information is presented on the development and progress of the program as a whole in addition to specific articles covering each of four focal geographic areas: Belize, Brazil, the Eastern Tropical Pacific Seascape, and Fiji.     

Learning from Ecosystem-Based Management in Practice

We explore how marine ecosystem–based management (EBM) is translated from theory to practice at six sites with varying ecological and institutional contexts. Based on these case studies, we report on the goals, strategies, and outcomes of each project and what we can learn from these efforts to guide future implementation and assessment. In particular, we focus on how projects dealt with the challenges of working across geographic scales and diverse governance arrangements. While we hypothesized that EBM in the United States would be distinct from EBM in developing countries due to differences in social and political factors, we found that sites faced similar challenges. Variation among sites appeared to be more closely related to the preexisting management context and the scale at which the projects began rather than to clear differences between the United States and developing country contexts. EBM project implementers were able to overcome many of these challenges by focusing on a limited number of specific objectives, starting at a small scale, pursuing adaptive management, and monitoring a diverse set of indicators. These findings are directly relevant to current and future EBM efforts in these and other places.     

喷油器参数对船用低速机燃烧特性 影响的仿真研究

对某船用低速二冲程柴油机在不同喷油器参数下的喷油及燃烧过程进行了三维CFD性能仿真分析。结果表明：随着喷油器喷孔数量增多,燃油蒸发雾化质量更好,进而对燃烧过程和排放物生成产生明显影响;同样,随着喷油器喷孔夹角减小,燃油蒸汽分布的区域更广,进而对燃烧过程和排放物生成产生明显影响;研究能够为喷油器参数优化,燃油喷射系统改进提供参考。     

船用柴油机高压共轨系统半物理仿真平台研究

为分析柴油机电控系统对液压单元的闭环控制功能,建立了RT-flex48船用低速机的燃油系统数学模型,并从算法与模型简化的角度分析如何实现实时仿真。利用所建立的实时仿真模型与NI硬件构成虚拟液压燃油系统,与接口设备、真实的柴油机电控系统及执行器相连接,组成半物理仿真平台。利用所开发的半物理仿真平台,测试分析了轨压控制、喷油量控制等功能。结果表明,建立的半物理仿真平台满足实时性要求,可在实验室环境下对柴油机电控系统相关功能进行测试分析,缩短了开发周期。     

复合材料螺旋桨水动力特性的流固耦合数值模拟

为了分析复合材料螺旋桨变形对其水动力性能的影响,利用FLUENT和ANSYS结构模块建立了一种流固耦合的方法。基于此方法分析了桨叶变形对敞水曲线,桨叶附近流场及其表面压力的影响。研究结果表明,初始几何为无侧斜无纵倾的螺旋桨变形后纵倾发生改变,使推力和扭矩系数变大,且推力系数和扭矩系数的增值随进速系数减小而增大。变形后的螺旋桨桨叶表面压力增大,压力系数变化最大值可达40%,螺旋桨轴向诱导速度变化最大值可达18.7%。     

基于多段滑模面控制的船舶柴油机调速系统仿真研究

船舶柴油机的稳定运行,关系船舶电力系统电能品质以及柴油机的性能。为了使柴油机具有得到较好的排放性、经济性及动力性,对其转速进行稳定的控制是十分重要的。在实验的基础上建立柴油机调速系统的非线性数学模型,利用滑模变结构控制理论设计了多段滑模面变结构控制器。并用MATLAB/simulink进行了仿真,结果表明:多段滑模面变结构控制能很好抑制系统的超调量,快速跟踪目标值,具有控制精度高,鲁棒性强等特点。     

船用柴油机气阀漏气声发射监测系统研制

介绍了适用于工程应用的柴油机气阀漏气声发射便携式监测系统。其中,声发射传感器通过手持式安装座便携式放置在柴油机缸盖,以STM32F103VC微处理器为核心的便携式信号采集控制器远距离控制NI FPGA数据采集卡的高速数据采集,Lab VIEW平台下开发的声发射信号分析软件对采集的信号进行预处理后,经过滤波、信号区间提取和EMD信号分析处理,提取气阀漏气特征参数,监测柴油机气阀状态。经某中速机的试验验证,系统能适用于船舶现场工程环境。     

综合物探在海底管线调查中的应用

本文以工程实例为基础,探讨声纳侧扫、海洋磁力、声学探测和浅地层剖面法等多种手段在管线调查工程中的应用思路及方法,总结了各种手段的优缺点,以及各种手段的优缺点互补性。