Assessment of factors associated with travel time reliability and prediction: an empirical analysis using probabilistic reasoning approach

Significant efforts have been made in modeling a travel time distribution and establishing measures of travel time reliability (TTR). However, the literature on evaluating the factors affecting TTR is not well established. Accordingly, this paper presents an empirical analysis to determine potential factors that are associated with TTR. This study mainly applies the Bayesian Networks model to assess the probabilistic association between road geometry, traffic data, and TTR. The results from this model reveal that land use characteristics, intersection factors, and posted speed limits are directly associated with TTR. Evaluating the strength of the association between TTR and the directly related variables, the log odds ratio analysis indicates that the land use factor has the highest impact (0.83) followed by the intersection factor (0.57). The findings from this study can provide valuable resources to planners and traffic operators in their decision-making to improve TTR with quantitative evidence.     

基于贝叶斯概率估计的智能电动车动态目标避障算法

为了实现智能电动车在中汽中心智能网联示范基地内的动态避障,首先将直角坐标系与曲线坐标系进行转换,构建以参考路径的弧长s为横坐标,横向偏移距离q为纵坐标的曲线坐标系;其次,在曲线坐标系中利用三次多项式生成满足初始位姿与子目标点位姿的候选路径,同时对标准化常量的似然函数进行定义,在此基础上利用贝叶斯定理对每条候选路径的危险等级进行概率估计;在动态避障过程中,借鉴速度障碍法对碰撞威胁进行实时检测,并建立最短避障时间和安全距离的数学模型来实现高效的动态避障,最后对行人占用车道行走与横穿马路2种典型场景进行动态避障试验。研究结果表明：在曲线坐标系中,通过横向偏移距离能够便捷地建立起一系列候选路径,克服在直角坐标系中寻找移动子目标点这个难题;在寻找安全路径方面,由于智能电动车工作环境的不确定性,利用贝叶斯定理对候选路径危险等级进行概率计算的方法可靠性更高,速度障碍法与避障数学模型的结合满足碰撞危险检测的实时性和动态避障的高效性要求。试验结果表明：采用曲线坐标系中的动态避障算法对行人占用车道和横穿马路2种场景进行了有效的避障,在路径选择上符合实际驾驶习惯,达到了智能网联示范基地动态避障的要求。     

Bayesian network for red-light-running prediction at signalized intersections

Abstract

Red-light-running (RLR) is an important reason for the large number of intersection-related fatalities, injuries, and other losses. The accurate RLR prediction can effectively reduce crashes caused by RLR behavior. The RLR prediction is usually composed of two parts: the vehicle’s stop-or-go behavior and the arrival time when the vehicle reaches the stop line. Previous stop-or-go prediction models are usually based on embedded traffic sensors using machine learning algorithms. While based on the continuous trajectories collected by radar sensors, RLR prediction can be conducted more effectively. In this paper, a probabilistic stop-or-go prediction model based on the Bayesian network (BN) is proposed for RLR prediction. We extend the deterministic output into the probabilistic output, which provides decision-makers with greater autonomy. The causality of BN improves the interpretability of the prediction model. The BN model is calibrated and tested by the continuous trajectories data measured by radar sensors installed at a signalized intersection. We not only consider the movement measurements of individual vehicles (e.g., speed and acceleration), but also take into account the car-following behavior. As a comparison, different machine learning models and the model based on the inductive loop detection (ILD) are adopted. The results show that the proposed BN model has a high prediction accuracy and performs better in the feature interpretation. This paper provides a new way for probabilistic RLR prediction based on continuous trajectories, which will significantly improve traffic safety of signalized intersections.     

Recursive estimation of average vehicle time headway using single inductive loop detector data

Vehicle time headway is an important traffic parameter. It affects roadway safety, capacity, and level of service. Single inductive loop detectors are widely deployed in road networks, supplying a wealth of information on the current status of traffic flow. In this paper, we perform Bayesian analysis to online estimate average vehicle time headway using the data collected from a single inductive loop detector. We consider three different scenarios, i.e. light, congested, and disturbed traffic conditions, and have developed a set of unified recursive estimation equations that can be applied to all three scenarios. The computational overhead of updating the estimate is kept to a minimum. The developed recursive method provides an efficient way for the online monitoring of roadway safety and level of service. The method is illustrated using a simulation study and real traffic data.     

非刚性轴承润滑与变形耦合下的轴系校中研究

轴承油膜是影响轴系校中的动态因素之一。在油膜刚度的计算过程中,较多学者采用船级社推荐值,或将轴承考虑为刚性,利用差分法或有限元法对其进行求解。文章对轴承弹性变形与油膜压力进行耦合分析,获得最优小扰动量,得到更符合实际情况的油膜刚度,利用vb.net编写有限元轴系校中软件并对某油船轴系进行校中计算,分析了轴承油膜对轴系校中的影响程度,可为船舶轴系校中计算及检验提供参考。     

新扩展强化非对称选择网的有界性与单调性

根据Petri网结构理论，讨论非对称选择网(AC)的一个子类：新扩展强化非对称选择网(NESAC)的有界性与活性单调性，判定NESAC网N结构有界的充分必要条件是，N被极小死锁簇覆盖，每个非空极小死锁H一定是个陷阱且满足|t^*∩|=|t^*∩H|=1，NESAC网仍然具有ESAC活性单调性的特征。     

运动车辆检测与跟踪方法

为提高城市智能交通综合管理能力,提出了基于视频分析的运动车辆检测与跟踪方法。在城市交通干道路面环境中,根据运动目标与道路背景统计特性的差异,基于贝叶斯概率准则,提出一个自适应背景更新算法,检测分离运动车辆目标前景,采用卡尔曼滤波器实现对视频序列中车辆目标的运动检测与实时跟踪,并对在重庆某交通干道的交通流视频进行检测。试验结果表明:该方法在常规视频分辨率下能实现实时处理视频,平均检测准确率为94%,具有较好的实时性与鲁棒性,能够实现城市交通环境中各类运动车辆的检测与跟踪。     

人的可靠性分析方法及其在军事活动中的应用

回顾了人的可靠性分析发展的历史和现状,重点对现在已存在的人的可靠性分析方法进行了介绍分析,提出并简要介绍了两种在军事活动中适用的人的可靠性评估方法的基本原理：基于粗糙集的人的可靠性评估法和基于贝叶斯的人的可靠性评估法,最后分析了人的可靠性研究中存在的问题。     

基于随机Petri网的指挥流程性能指标分析

Petri网是一种很有效的模型描述语言,适用于描述含有并行成分的系统。文章运用随机Petri网同构马尔可夫链的原理,对海上编队作战准备阶段的指挥流程性能指标进行分析。