The speed control effect of highway tunnel sidewall markings based on color and temporal frequency

The low‐luminance monotonous environment in the middle section of highway tunnels offers few reference points and is prone to cause severe visual illusion. Thus, drivers tend to underestimate their driving speed, which can induce speeding behaviors that result in rear‐end collisions. Therefore, discovering low‐cost methods of traffic engineering that reduce this visual illusion and ensure a steady driving speed is an important challenge for current highway tunnel operations. This study analyzes the effects of sidewall markings in typical highway tunnels, specifically observing how their colors and temporal frequencies affect the driver's speed perception in a low‐luminance condition. A three‐dimensional model of the middle section of highway tunnels was built in a driving simulator. Psychophysical tests of speed perception were carried out by the method of limits. The precision of the simulation model was then checked by comparing the results to field test data. The simulation tests studied the stimulus of subjectively equal speed and reaction time in relation to sidewall markings in different colors (red–white combined, yellow–white combined, and blue–white combined). Furthermore, based on the optimal color, the effects of sidewall marking with different temporal frequencies (0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, and 32 Hz) on the speed perception of drivers were also analyzed. The test results reveal that the color and temporal frequency of sidewall marking have a significant impact on the driver's stimulus of subjectively equal speed and reaction time. The subjects have the highest speed overestimation and an easy speed judgment with the red–white combined sidewall marking. Within the temporal frequency range of 4.45–7.01 Hz, the subjects have a certain degree of speed overestimation (less than 20%), and the speed perception is sensitive to the temporal frequency changes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

驾驶特性对交通安全的影响分析

本文基于对人类行为模式的研究,并以此作为参考,将驾驶员的信息处理过程划分为感知、判断、操纵三个阶段。分析感知特性、判断特性、操作特性对交通安全的影响。     

公路设计中的缺陷及解决措施

公路在我国的交通中占有重要的一席之地,对我国的经济贡献巨大。近年来,公路的损毁问题也越来越严重,由于公路的损毁导致的交通事故屡见不鲜。因此本文对公路设计中的缺陷及解决措施进行了探讨,提出了一定可行的解决措施。这些解决措施对公路的设计具有一定的参考价值。     

Vehicle rollover avoidance by application of gain-scheduled LQR controllers using state observers

Many researches have been conducted in the area of control applied to vehicle dynamics, aiming at reducing the possibility of the occurrence of the type of accident known as rollover. In this research, based on a common nonlinear model and its linearisation, a method for properly selecting matrices for solving the Riccati equation considering different speeds was proposed. The method showed in which ways speed really influences the choice of controller gains. By developing the dynamic equations for the yaw- and roll-coupled motions and modelling of controllers and state observers, it is possible to compare the efficacy of this control strategy using both linear and nonlinear simulations using Matlab. Significant results were obtained regarding the reduction of the rollover coefficient for a double-lane change manoeuvre at different speeds, thus indicating advantages of using this controller in practical cases.     

Multiobjective optimisation of bogie suspension to boost speed on curves

To improve safety and maximum admissible speed on different operational scenarios, multiobjective optimisation of bogie suspension components of a one-car railway vehicle model is considered. The vehicle model has 50 degrees of freedom and is developed in multibody dynamics software SIMPACK. Track shift force, running stability, and risk of derailment are selected as safety objective functions. The improved maximum admissible speeds of the vehicle on curves are determined based on the track plane accelerations up to 1.5?m/s². To attenuate the number of design parameters for optimisation and improve the computational efficiency, a global sensitivity analysis is accomplished using the multiplicative dimensional reduction method (M-DRM). A multistep optimisation routine based on genetic algorithm (GA) and MATLAB/SIMPACK co-simulation is executed at three levels. The bogie conventional secondary and primary suspension components are chosen as the design parameters in the first two steps, respectively. In the last step semi-active suspension is in focus. The input electrical current to magnetorheological yaw dampers is optimised to guarantee an appropriate safety level. Semi-active controllers are also applied and the respective effects on bogie dynamics are explored. The safety Pareto optimised results are compared with those associated with in-service values. The global sensitivity analysis and multistep approach significantly reduced the number of design parameters and improved the computational efficiency of the optimisation. Furthermore, using the optimised values of design parameters give the possibility to run the vehicle up to 13% faster on curves while a satisfactory safety level is guaranteed. The results obtained can be used in Pareto optimisation and active bogie suspension design problems.     

O2和 NO2气氛下柴油机炭烟氧化过程及其化学反应动力学参数研究

用热重分析仪对 O2和 NO2气氛下柴油机炭烟的氧化过程进行了试验研究,并利用程序升温氧化（TPO）试验对其化学反应动力学参数进行了研究,建立了 O2和 NO2气氛下柴油机炭烟氧化过程的化学反应动力学模型,并用模型对 O2和 NO2对炭烟的氧化效果进行了对比分析。研究结果表明：柴油机炭烟在 O2气氛下大约从700 K 时开始氧化,氧化反应的活化能为76．8 kJ／mol ,对 O2的反应级数为0．85;而在 NO2气氛下大约从600 K时开始氧化,氧化反应的活化能为21．9 kJ／mol ,对 NO2的反应级数为0．85。在柴油机排气组分条件下,当温度低于750 K 时,NO2氧化炭烟引起的炭烟质量减少占主导;而当温度高于800 K 时,O2氧化炭烟引起的炭烟质量减少占主导。     

船用螺旋桨逆向改型设计方法研究

逆向工程技术可以实现产品的快速创新,将该技术应用到船用螺旋桨改型设计中,突破了螺旋桨的传统设计模式。本研究通过对叶片数字化模型进行整体扭转变形和翘曲变形实现了桨叶的改型,并结合CFD计算发现这种改型方法对提高螺旋桨的推进效率具有重要的作用。结果显示：扭转变形5°,10°,15°,其效率分别提高了4.3%,6.75%,9.42%。再扭转15°的条件下分别对叶梢翘曲±10 mm,发现翘曲-10 mm时推进效率略有降低,而翘曲+10 mm后推进效率有显著提高。     

含轴带发电机的船舶电站协调控制

船舶电站运行工况复杂,对供电系统运行的安全经济性要求较高,采用主机驱动的轴带发电机具有较好的节能效果。轴带发电机与辅助发电机并网运行时,馈电主开关之间必须进行综合协调控制,才能确保有序的连续供电。本文重点对含轴带发电机的船舶电站协调控制进行研究,结合某船复杂的运行工况和机组特性,制定出整船电站系统协调控制策略,经过验证,该船各种工况下功率分配满足要求,主开关控制策略设置合理,电站系统能够安全可靠运行。     

船用电梯安全空间保证技术研究

在船用环境中,船舶总体资源分配紧凑,在不借助辅助装置的前提下,船用电梯的安全空间通常不能完全保证。为了在少占用总体资源的同时保证船用电梯足够的安全空间,本文在解析各规范中对于船用电梯安全空间要求的基础上,针对采用不同驱动装置的船用电梯,提出保证其安全空间的方法,即合理设计和运用不同形式的检修保护装置,并初步探讨了检修保护装置的基本设计方法。     

船舶交通动力系统安全突变研究

为揭示系统本质,建立船舶交通风险预控机制,基于突变理论对船舶交通系统的安全突变进行研究。首先定性分析了船舶交通系统的特性,并针对动态性与突变性特征,提出船舶交通系统的突变动力学研究方法,进而建立船舶交通动力系统安全突变模型,最后对系统的安全突变进行了定量的分析研究。