京昆高速G5(河池寨至三星立交段)与西安高新区路网连接及交通节点研究

京昆高速G5(河池寨至三星立交段)对西安高新区和昆明池的分隔效应严重阻碍了区域一体化发展。利用京昆高速G5改扩建契机,通过分析现状和解读规划,发现存在的问题,提出京昆高速G5(河池寨至三星立交段)与西安高新区路网连接及交通节点研究的总体策略为多路径迂回,多点集散。具体提出了两大方案,并从方案特点、解决功能、工程造价等方面比选出推荐方案。项目研究体现了“策划引领、规划先行”的前期策划理念。     

关于景区规划的总体内容研究与分析

简要介绍景区规划中,关于总体规划内容的研究和分析,主要包括总体布局、功能布局、人口规模控制、道路交通规划、用地布局、公共服务设施规划、商业金融服务设施规划、市政基础设施规划、管线综合工程规划、环卫工程等内容。以响水县云梯关景区为例,对其中比较重要的总体布局、功能布局、用地布局、道路交通规划等内容进行深入研究,可为其他景区的规划编制工作提供参考。     

利用激光点云的城市无人驾驶路径规划算法

为了解决随机采样算法受感知环境不确定性影响下的弱鲁棒性以及弱可靠性问题,采用一种基于激光空间势场的渐优随机采样算法框架来设计符合无人驾驶需要的规划算法。针对感知环境的不确定性,首先基于势场原理与激光障碍物点云构建一个融入了斥力场的规划空间,解决激光障碍物提取中的过分割等问题。其次,利用规划空间来处理随机采样算法中的采样策略、最优母节点选取策略、修剪策略以及最终路径选择策略。再次,在算法中加入了Anytime策略来提高优化解的利用率,使得算法的计算效率满足无人驾驶实时性的要求。同时,为了保证无人驾驶中规划路径的鲁棒性与可靠性,创建了一个综合5重因素的代价函数来选择最优路径,并根据不同的无人驾驶场景来调整相对应的参数;最后在城市测试道路上进行了实地测试。结果表明：设计的算法框架能够适应最高时速40 km·h^-1的城区驾驶环境,并能完成跟驰、换道、融入以及静动态障碍物的避障决策。在与SST算法的对比试验中,所提出的算法在各个试验中的轨迹、方向盘转角以及速度的平滑性都优于SST算法,其轨迹与障碍物的距离也优于SST算法。     

指引路径规划模型的建模与仿真验证

道路上某个位置存在多个指路标志时可能引发信息过载问题,对驾驶员产生干扰. 为解决这一问题,本文基于A* (A-star)算法,提出一种指引路径规划模型.考虑特定节点信息过载问题对指引路径实际成本的影响,在模型的估价函数中增设惩罚系数,可以有效避开引发信息过载现象的指引路径选择 . 基于 VISSIM 展开案例研究,借助其二次开发功能提取 VISSIM路网中的相关数据.利用所建指引路径规划模型求解路网中一对OD间的指引路径. 最后,对比分析有无惩罚系数两种模型得到的指引路径规划和指路标志布设方案,证明本文模型在指引路径规划时可有效避免信息过载问题.     

Restricted car-use and perceived accessibility

In order to plan for, and achieve, a sustainable and accessible transport system, research and policies alike recognize a need to implement and enhance alternative transport options in favor of the private car. Moreover, these sustainable alternatives need to offer sufficient levels of accessibility regardless of where people live or work. We present and discuss an approach for capturing and evaluating perceived accessibility, with the ability to differentiate between individuals. Levels of perceived accessibility are compared before and after a fictive car use restriction, and between residential areas, using data from 2711 residents of Malmö, Sweden. A main conclusion is that levels of perceived accessibility become significantly lower for car users when they are limited in their options for daily travel. The difference is more substantive for frequent car users, who already travel less by sustainable modes today. There are also significant differences in levels of perceived accessibility in the restricted scenario, depending on where individuals live. These novel findings may not come as a surprise, but they emphasize the importance of including and analyzing perceptions of car users when designing accessible and sustainable transport systems. The paper ends with a discussion on how to facilitate the transition from current transport systems to an inclusive and accessible system.     

Sustainable urban futures from transportation and planning to networked urban mobilities

When discussing the future of cities, there is a tendency to focus on technology that will make cities and mobilities more sustainable. A bit further down the line the question of understanding or changing everyday practice arises – how to get people to transform their current mobility practice, or to adjust to the technologies introduced. As a key to understanding and changing practice I argue that storytelling plays a crucial role on different scales. In line with this, the concept of structural stories can be used to understand how specific framings of modes of transport guides everyday practices. To illustrate this, I will use the example of a concept of redesigning Copenhagen’s streets. On these streets space is redistributed so that pedestrians, cyclists and busses get more space, and more space is created for public places and city life. Consequently, the space allocated for cars and parking is scaled down.     

超空泡航行体尾部滑行力实验研究

超空泡航行体尾部沾湿滑行水动力对其水下运动特性具有重要影响。本文建立了圆柱后体在空泡内动态摆动滑行力水洞实验方法,开展了圆柱后体静态不同攻角和动态不同摆动角速度滑行水动力测量实验,获得了不同工况下滑行面几何特性和滑行力特性,并基于实验数据提出了滑行升力估算的经验公式。与理论公式比较表明,滑行力随浸没角、浸没深度变化的规律一致,Hassan模型预估值比实验值大,Paryshev模型预估值比Hassan模型更大些。     

Charging infrastructure demands of shared-use autonomous electric vehicles in urban areas

Ride-hailing is a clear initial market for autonomous electric vehicles (AEVs) because it features high vehicle utilization levels and strong incentive to cut down labor costs. An extensive and reliable network of recharging infrastructure is the prerequisite to launch a lucrative AEV ride-hailing fleet. Hence, it is necessary to estimate the charging infrastructure demands for an AEV fleet in advance. This study proposes a charging system planning framework for a shared-use AEV fleet providing ride-hailing services in urban area. We first adopt an agent-based simulation model, called BEAM, to describe the complex behaviors of both passengers and transportation systems in urban cities. BEAM simulates the driving, parking and charging behaviors of the AEV fleet with range constraints and identifies times and locations of their charging demands. Then, based on BEAM simulation outputs, we adopt a hybrid algorithm to site and size charging stations to satisfy the charging demands subject to quality of service requirements. Based on the proposed framework, we estimate the charging infrastructure demands and calculate the corresponding economics and carbon emission impacts of electrifying a ride-hailing AEV fleet in the San Francisco Bay Area. We also investigate the impacts of various AEV and charging system parameters, e.g., fleet size, vehicle battery capacity and rated power of chargers, on the ride-hailing system’s overall costs.     

Planning transport for social inclusion: An accessibility-activity participation approach

Social equity is increasingly becoming an important objective in transport planning and project evaluation. This paper provides a framework and an empirical investigation in the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area (GTHA) examining the links between public transit accessibility and the risks of social exclusion, simply understood as the suppressed ability to conduct daily activities at normal levels. Specifically, we use a large-sample travel survey to present a new transport-geography concept termed participation deserts, neighbourhood-level clusters of lower than expected activity participation. We then use multivariate models to estimate where, and for whom, improvements in transit accessibility will effectively increase activity participation and reduce risks of transport-related social exclusion. Our results show that neighbourhoods with high concentrations of low-income and zero-car households located outside of major transit corridors are the most sensitive to having improvements in accessibility increase daily activity participation rates. We contend that transit investments providing better connections to these neighbourhoods would have the greatest benefit in terms of alleviating existing inequalities and reducing the risks of social exclusion. The ability for transport investments to liberate suppressed activity participation is not currently being predicted or valued in existing transport evaluation methodologies, but there is great potential in doing so in order to capture the social equity benefits associated with increasing transit accessibility.