科学与人文：分离还是整合？

本文从自然科学和人文学术两种文化相互分离的一些现象入手，讨论了自然科学在若干问题上的作用界限，以及重文轻理和重理轻文问题，进布针对上述两种文化的整合（就社会而言）和向文理兼通境界的追求（就个人而言），作了若干独特的分析，讨论了若干可能的途径。     

惰性气体系统应用于控制船舶压载水传播外来生物

航行于洲际间的远洋船舶,其压载水系统成为有害水生物入侵的主要途径之一。溶解在水中的氧是水域生命活动不可缺少的物质,但不同水生物对溶解氧的需求不同。实践证明:当溶解氧小于1 mg/L时,在1 h内,水生物将窒息而亡。论述以燃气作为惰性气体,置换远洋船舶压载系统中的空气,使水中的溶解氧小于1 mg/L,让入侵水生物窒息的方法,以保护本地水域生态平衡。结合我国油轮上配置的惰性气体系统(Inert Gases System,简称IGS),提出了方案设想和计算要点,与同行共同探讨。     

车门密封胶条力学性能衰变分析

按照国家标准的规定,检测自然条件使用的密封胶条样品的硬度和拉伸性能(拉伸强度、拉断伸长率),从自然老化的角度分析了密封胶条老化前后力学性能变化规律,从性能保持率的角度分析了密封胶条的劣化程度,最后基于密封胶条拉断伸长率的数据,构建了6阶拉格朗日插值多项式,对车门密封胶条使用寿命进行了预测,结果显示其使用寿命是185个月。     

Air quality impacts of electric vehicle adoption in Texas

Widespread adoption of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) may substantially reduce emissions of greenhouse gases while improving regional air quality and increasing energy security. However, outcomes depend heavily on the electricity generation process, power plant locations, and vehicle use decisions. This paper provides a clear methodology for predicting PEV emissions impacts by anticipating battery-charging decisions and power plant energy sources across Texas. Life-cycle impacts of vehicle production and use and Texans’ exposure to emissions are also computed and monetized. This study reveals to what extent PEVs are more environmentally friendly, for most pollutant species, than conventional passenger cars in Texas, after recognizing the emissions and energy impacts of battery provision and other manufacturing processes. Results indicate that PEVs on today’s grid can reduce GHGs, NO_x, PM₁₀, and CO in urban areas, but generate significantly higher emissions of SO₂ than existing light-duty vehicles. Use of coal for electricity production is a primary concern for PEV growth, but the energy security benefits of electrified vehicle-miles endure. As conventional vehicle emissions rates improve, it appears that power grids must follow suit (by improving emissions technologies and/or shifting toward cleaner generation sources) to compete on an emissions-monetized basis with conventional vehicles in many locations. Moreover, while PEV pollution impacts may shift to more remote (power plant) locations, dense urban populations remain most strongly affected by local power plant emissions in many Texas locations.     

A hybrid heuristic strategy for liquefied natural gas inventory routing

As liquefied natural gas (LNG) steadily grows to be a common mode for commercializing natural gas, LNG supply chain optimization is becoming a key technology for gas companies to maintain competitiveness. This paper develops methods for improving the solutions for a previously stated form of an LNG inventory routing problem (LNG-IRP). Motivated by the poor performance of a Dantzig-Wolfe-based decomposition approach for exact solutions, we develop a suite of advanced heuristic techniques and propose a hybrid heuristic strategy aiming to achieve improved solutions in shorter computational time. The heuristics include two phases: the advanced construction phase is based on a rolling time algorithm and a greedy randomized adaptive search procedure (GRASP); and the solution improvement phase is a series of novel MIP-based neighborhood search techniques. The proposed algorithms are evaluated based on a set of realistic large-scale instances seen in recent literature. Extensive computational results indicate that the hybrid heuristic strategy is able to obtain optimal or near optimal feasible solutions substantially faster than commercial optimization software and also the previously proposed heuristic methods.     

Experimental analysis of exhaust gas after treatment system using water scrubbing in a single cylinder diesel engine for diesel and biofuel blends

A low-cost exhaust gas after treatment system called water-scrubbing is attempted in this paper. An emission treatment setup is fabricated, which is installed in the exhaust of the engine. This takes the exhaust gas and sprays water in the exhaust and passes it through the chamber containing silica gel. An attempt is made to investigate experimentally the performance and emission characteristics of a direct injection (DI) diesel engine, with and without water injection at the exhaust using diesel fuel (DF), diesel-Karanja oil blend (DKB) and diesel-Jatropha oil blend (DJB). The exhaust gas after treatment system helps to reduce NOx, CO and Particulate matter. The performance of the engine has also been monitored to determine whether the engine has any decrease in performance when the setup is used and it is found that there is no change in the engine performance.     

对老路改造过程中现状浅埋管线保护技术的改进

目前,已建城市道路下面埋设着各种地下管线,特别是电力、电信、燃气、给水等管线,埋设比较浅,当后期老路改扩建或者新建道路与之相交时,老路开挖后需要对已铺设的管线进行保护.传统的保护措施存在安全隐患,改进后的保护措施不仅能消除安全隐患,还便于埋地管线的维修与养护,施工简单,快速高效,操作容易且绿色经济.通过目前已经实施的几条道路的使用情况来看,效果良好.     

新型防爆地震仪在瓦斯隧道超前地质预报中的应用

为提高瓦斯隧道地震波反射法超前地质预报现场作业的安全性及可操作性，介绍一种新型防爆地震仪的主机结构、主板设计、本安电源及远程控制等核心技术，同时介绍检波器气囊耦合技术；最后采用36道防爆地震仪和高精度三分量地震检波器气囊耦合装置，在重庆渝北至四川广安高速公路华蓥山隧道进口右线K24+314掌子面处进行超前探测试验，其采集的地震记录质量高，气囊耦合方式现场操作方便快捷。经过与传统的国外TSP仪器及钢管锚固剂耦合方式对比分析，充分说明采用国内的矿用防爆地震仪及其配套研制的检波器气囊耦合装置完全适用于各类瓦斯隧道地震波反射法超前地质预报工作，且能使地震波反射法实现本质安全。     

汽油发动机尾气的售后治理措施

汽油发动机尾气主要成分是CO、HC、NOx等,汽车尾气的治理是一个系统工程,在汽车服务领域对尾气的治理一般形成了规律性的治理方案和措施,尾气诊断仪能够实时检测汽车的污染物排放数据,同时还引导一线维修人员有针对性的治理尾气,实现了售后领域的维修过程、维修质量一系列的如实记载和跟踪,对提升服务质量和企业内部员工的技术素质起到了很好的设备保证,从汽车售后领域控制了汽车污染物的排放。     

碱激发煤制气残渣地质聚合物的制备及性能

煤制天然气残渣（CSNGS）是一种可用于制备地质聚合物的潜在新原料，然而关于用该工业废渣制备地质聚合物的报道却很少。采用机械球磨手段对煤制天然气残渣进行活化改性，分别以氢氧化钠（NaOH）溶液和氢氧化钾（KOH）溶液为激发剂，在不同条件下制备煤制气残渣地质聚合物，并对其强度进行对比。然后，通过X射线粉末衍射仪（XRD）、扫描电镜（SEM）、能谱分析（EDS）以及红外光谱（FT-IR）等微观试验手段对比研究了2种煤制气残渣地质聚合物的微观结构和强度形成机理，并分析了激发剂中不同碱金属阳离子对地质聚合物性能的影响。研究发现，随着热养护温度的升高，2种煤制气残渣中晶体峰强降低，地质聚合物的硅铝比（Si/Al）升高，地质聚合物的强度增加。研究还发现，在适当的热养护条件下，当激发剂浓度在6~9 mol·L^-1时，2种煤制气残渣地质聚合物均可以获得较高的力学强度。由SEM分析可知，较高的热养护温度和适当的激发剂浓度可以生成大量的水化硅铝酸钠凝胶（N-A-S-H）或水化硅铝酸钾凝胶（K-A-S-H），使地质聚合物的微观结构变得更加致密，从而使试件具备良好的力学性能。此外，NaOH溶液对煤制气残渣的碱激发效果要优于KOH溶液，这不仅是因为钠离子与负离子的结合能力强于钾离子，更有效地保证了地质聚合物骨架中的电荷平衡；而且与钾离子相比，钠离子更容易形成具有2个或3个SiO₄四面体桥接单个AlO₄四面体的地聚合物凝胶，这使材料形成了更加致密均匀的微观结构。研究结果表明：地质聚合物最高强度分别为36.1 MPa（NaOH）和27.8 MPa（KOH），因此，以煤制天然气残渣为原料制备地质聚合物具有很高的研究和应用价值。