滩槽泥沙交换对长江口北槽深水航道回淤影响的分析

黏性细颗粒泥沙在潮汐水流中运动的主要特性之一是存在多种不同尺度的输运形态。就长江口而言,其中1～2 m近底水流驱动下的高浓度悬沙输运应加重视。现场观测表明,近底高浓度悬沙的生成与黏性细颗粒泥沙在潮汐水流中的沉降特性有关,其输运对航道回淤的影响表现为滩槽之间的泥沙交换。初步估计横向水体高浓度悬沙输运造成12.5 m深水航道中段2 000万～3 000万m3的年回淤量是可能的。这可能是造成航道中段集中回淤的重要原因之一。     

天津港深水化及二港岛建设水沙环境研究

根据天津市城市总体规划和产业布局,结合天津港30万吨级航道及东疆第二港岛的建设,基于多年实测水文泥沙等资料,采用现场观测、演变分析、物理模型和数学模型等多种手段,对港口深水化及港岛工程实施后的水流泥沙运动特征及产生的环境效应问题进行了综合性试验研究,其成果为工程的建设提供了科学依据。     

长河段二维水沙数学模型研究及应用*

为了适应长江长河段系统治理技术的需要,对TK-2DC软件水沙计算核心部分进行了并行程序开发,将并行计算技术应用到长河段水沙数学模型中,大大提高了长河段水沙模拟计算效率及模型计算的时效性。建立了长江中游沙市—监利、戴家洲—牯牛沙及长江下游安庆—南京长河段平面二维水沙数学模型,对航道整治工程效果进行了模拟预测。     

潮汐环境下细粒泥沙沉降速度研究述评Ⅱ——计算方法与公式*

作为“潮汐环境下细颗粒泥沙沉降速度研究述评”的第二部分,详细介绍了在潮汐环境下确定细颗粒泥沙沉降速度的计算公式与相关方法。通过正式文献可以考证的,关于细颗粒泥沙沉速的计算公式逾百种,每个公式均有其一定理论或经验的背景,本文系统地分析并对比了不同背景的计算公式和方法：1）以粒径为主要因子的半经验公式（武水公式、Stocks公式等）,忽略了细颗粒泥沙的基本沉降特性;2）以含沙量为主要变量的泥沙沉速经验公式,不同研究者得到的结果或者公式的参数差异较大,在没有确认其计算条件、计算方法、测量工具、适用条件前,需谨慎选择,不能简单吸纳,尤其是在盐淡水混合的潮汐环境下,其相关关系和影响因子具有较强的特定性;3）劳斯公式拟合法所得的“有效沉速”,在计算过程把不同因子导致的泥沙颗粒向下的运动均归为泥沙重力沉降过程,物理概念不清晰;4）麦克劳林公式计算细颗粒泥沙沉速,符合沉速的物理定义,其理论性和物理意义也较强。     

无粘均匀沙起动条件研究现状分析

分析了泥沙起动条件（起动流速和起动拖曳力）的研究现状,并对众多起动条件公式或曲线进行分析、评述,对工程实际或科研中起动流速公式的选用有所帮助．     

佛山石湾大桥选型

佛山石湾大桥是禅西大道工程跨越东平水道的大型桥梁,河道防洪、通航等级高,且桥梁处于道路平面曲线上,因此选取合理美观的桥型成为该工程的要点之一。该文较为全面地介绍了该桥的方案比选过程,对不同方案进行了论述,希望对类似情况桥梁方案选择有所帮助。     

From suspended particles to strata: The fate of terrestrial substances in the Gaoping (Kaoping) submarine canyon

The river–sea system consisting of the Gaoping (new spelling according to the latest government's directive, formerly spelled Kaoping) River (KPR), shelf, and Submarine Canyon (KPRSC) located off southern Taiwan is an ideal natural laboratory to study the source, pathway, transport, and fate of terrestrial substances. In 2004 during the flood season of the KPR, a system-wide comprehensive field experiment was conducted to investigate particle dynamics from a source-to-sink perspective in the KPRSC with the emphasis on the effect of particle size on the transport, settling, and sedimentation along the pathway. This paper reports the findings from (1) two sediment trap moorings each configured with a Technicap PPS 3/3 sediment trap, and an acoustic current meter (Aquadopp); (2) concurrent hydrographic profiling and water sampling was conducted over 8 h next to the sediment trap moorings; and (3) box-coring in the head region of the submarine canyon near the mooring sites. Particle samples from sediment traps were analyzed for mass fluxes, grain-size composition, total organic carbon (TOC) and nitrogen (TN), organic matter (OM), carbonate, biogenic opal, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), lithogenic silica and aluminum, and foraminiferal abundance. Samples from box cores were analyzed for grain-size distribution, TOC, particulate organic matter (POM), carbonate, biogenic opal, water content, and ²¹⁰Pb_ex. Water samples were filtered through 500, 250, 63, 10 µm sieves and 0.4 µm filter for the suspended sediment concentration of different size-classes.Results show that the river and shelf do not supply all the suspended particles near the canyon floor. The estimated mass flux near the canyon floor exceeds 800 g/m²/day, whose values are 2–7 times higher than those at the upper rim of the canyon. Most of the suspended particles in the canyon are fine-grained (finer than medium silt) lithogenic sediments whose percentages are 90.2% at the upper rim and 93.6% in the deeper part of the canyon.As suspended particles settle through the canyon, their size-composition shows a downward fining trend. The average percentage of clay-to-fine-silt particles (0.4–10 µm) in the water samples increases from 22.7% above the upper rim of the canyon to 56.0% near the bottom of the canyon. Conversely, the average percentage of the sand-sized (> 63 µm) suspended particles decreases downward from 32.0% above the canyon to 12.0% in the deeper part of the canyon. Correspondingly, the substrate of the canyon is composed largely of hemipelagic lithogenic mud. Parallel to this downward fining trend is the downward decrease of concentrations of suspended nonlithogenic substances such as TOC and PAH, despite of their affinity to fine-grained particles.On the surface of the canyon, down-core variables (grain size, ²¹⁰Pb_ex activity, TOC, water content) near the head region of the canyon show post-depositional disturbances such as hyperpycnite and turbiditic deposits. These deposits point to the occurrences of erosion and deposition related to high-density flows such as turbidity currents, which might be an important process in submarine canyon sedimentation.     

天津港大港港区口门防波堤堤顶高程研究

从通航水流条件、码头泊稳条件以及港池航道泥沙回淤等角度进行综合分析与研究,论证天津港大港港区口门防波堤在现有2 km出水堤基础上,延伸2 km半高堤（堤顶高程3.5 m）的方案的可行性,为港区口门防波堤优化设计提供科学依据。     

三峡水库变动回水区三角碛浅滩冲淤与碍航特性分析

变动回水区河段的侵蚀基准面在蓄水期抬升,在消落期和汛期逐渐恢复为天然河段状态,因此变动回水区内碍航浅滩的冲淤特性将发生改变。以三峡水库变动回水区三角碛浅滩段为例研究浅滩年际年内的冲淤及碍航特性的变化。结果发现,水库蓄水位抬升到175 m前,三角碛浅滩段年内遵循"汛淤枯冲"的规律,年际间则由于上游来沙量大幅减少,水流处于不饱和状态而表现为累积性冲刷,且随着水流不饱和程度的提高,冲刷强度增大;2008年汛后三峡开始试验性蓄水后,三角碛浅滩段由天然河段变为变动回水区河段,下游侵蚀基准面的抬升使河段具有淤积的趋向,上游来沙减少和下游侵蚀基准面抬升共同作用的结果是本河段冲刷强度显著下降,同时也未出现累积性淤积的现象。由于年内泥沙输移过程发生改变,主要走沙时期从汛末推移到次年的消落期,在通航标准不变的前提下,三角碛浅滩段的碍航程度可能会有所上升。     

人工沙滩在堤后次生波作用下的稳定性试验

基于波浪泥沙物理模型,考虑不同水位条件、不同重现期的波浪作用以及复坡和单坡2种不同坡度的沙滩坡面,对斯里兰卡科伦坡港口人工沙滩的冲淤情况及稳定性进行试验研究。结果表明,在次生波作用下,沙滩出现了不同程度的冲刷,沙滩剖面出现冲刷的主要部位一般位于水面线以下的波浪破碎带内,但当波浪条件增大时,人工沙滩剖面在水面线以上也呈普遍冲刷状态。在试验工况范围内,外海水位越高,波高、周期越大,防波堤堤后的次生波越大,所造成的沙滩剖面变形越大,冲刷深度越大。复坡和单坡2种不同坡度方案滩面泥沙在次生波作用下的冲淤部位基本相似,剖面稳定性相当。