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81.
在往复式发动机中,除了火花点燃式燃烧和柴油压燃燃烧的运转方式外还有第3种运转方式,即均质充量压燃燃烧(HCCI).HCCI模式发动机的运转情况被认为是高效和稳定的。在部分负荷工况下可以大幅度降低NOx的排放.把HCCI燃烧应用到发动机方面尽管仍有一些困难.但HCCI燃烧方式表明在发动机应用的巨大替力,本文将阐述HCCI与传统发动机燃烧方式的不同及其未来的展望。 相似文献
82.
谈柴油机废气涡轮增压器的正确使用及故障分析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
简要介绍了柴油机废气涡轮增压器的基本工作原理。阐述了对柴油机增压器的正确使用、维护以及常见故障分析。 相似文献
83.
基于交易费用的物流运作模式研究 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
从交易费用理论及物流运作模式着手,探讨了市场采购、物流自营,物流外包与物流内包的适应环境及运作对象。即:对于一般的物流活动应该从市场上进行采购,对于集成化的物流服务应该采用外部外包,当第三方物流市场走向垄断时,要积极寻求物流内包。 相似文献
84.
Emissions of GHG from the transport sector and how to reduce them are major challenges for policy makers. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the level of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from ships while in port based on annual data from Port of Gothenburg, Port of Long Beach, Port of Osaka and Sydney Ports. Port call statistics including IMO number, ship name, berth number and time spent at berth for each ship call, were provided by each participating port. The IMO numbers were used to match each port call to ship specifications from the IHS database Sea-web. All data were analysed with a model developed by the IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute for the purpose of quantifying GHG emissions (as CO2-equivalent) from ships in the port area. Emissions from five operational modes are summed in order to account for ship operations in the different traffic areas. The model estimates total GHG emissions of 150,000, 240,000, 97,000, and 95,000 tonnes CO2 equivalents per year for Gothenburg, Long Beach, Osaka, and Sydney, respectively. Four important emission-reduction measures are discussed: reduced speed in fairway channels, on-shore power supply, reduced turnaround time at berth and alternative fuels. It is argued that the potential to reduce emissions in a port area depends on how often a ship revisits a port: there it in general is easier to implement measures for high-frequent liners. Ships that call 10 times or less contribute significantly to emissions in all ports. 相似文献
85.
86.
车载无线通信设备为地铁全自动运行提供了车地无线通话功能、乘客紧急对讲功能及控制中心对列车的广播功能,是列车安全运行的关键设备。介绍了无线车载台的设备结构及功能,根据全自动运行特点描述了无线车载台自检过程。结合全自动运行线路实际场景分析,总结得出列车唤醒车载无线设备的自检项。 相似文献
87.
The growth in container shipping poses considerable challenges to efforts to reduce the negative externalities associated with freight transport. There are particular concerns about the impacts of the associated port-hinterland freight flows. Through empirical research, this paper examines trends in the operational efficiency of the British port-hinterland container rail freight market and to assess the impacts of any changes on the overall sustainability of this market. Original survey work conducted in 2007 and 2015 has allowed longitudinal and cross-sectional analysis of the characteristics of this market.The survey findings reveal that rail’s mode share of port container throughput (in TEU) has increased from 14.7% in 2007 to 16.6% in 2015 and it is likely that its share of the associated hinterland activity has also risen. Rail was carrying 25% more TEU by 2015 without an increase in train service provision. Increases in mean train capacity and mean load factor were observed, leading to growth in the mean train load from 44 TEU in 2007 to 55 TEU in 2015. This considerable improvement in operational efficiency is expected to have reduced the negative externalities per unit of transport activity associated with the rail-borne hinterland container flows, though scope is identified for further improvements in sustainability. 相似文献
88.
This paper estimates the role that technological change and car characteristics have played in the rate of fuel consumption of vehicles over time. Using data from the Spanish car market from 1988 to 2013, we estimate a reduced form equation that relates fuel consumption with a set of car characteristics. The results for the sales-weighted sample of vehicles show that energy efficiency would have improved by 30% and 42% for petrol and diesel cars respectively had car characteristics been held constant at 1988 values. However, the shift to bigger and more fuel-consuming cars reduced the gains from technological progress. Additionally, using the results of the fuel equation we show that, besides a natural growth rate of 1.1%, technological progress is affected by both the international price of oil and the adoption of mandatory emission standards. Moreover, according to our estimations, a 1% growth in GDP would modify car characteristics in such a way that fuel consumption would increase by around 0.23% for petrol cars and 0.35% for diesel cars. 相似文献
89.
研究针对航空母舰飞行作业空间安全问题而开展。研究首先根据作业特点划分航母作业区域,针对飞行作业分析构成空间危害因素的来源,提出一套度量危险因素的空间关联安全水平指标,以便对危险因素的空间关系进行量化;然后在此基础上,对2套不同起飞作业布局进行安全评价;最后,并围绕航母飞行甲板作业空间安全的典型问题进行分析和讨论。 相似文献
90.
Energy costs account for an important share of the total costs of urban and suburban bus operators. The purpose of this paper is to expand empirical research on bus transit operation costs and identify the key factors that influence bus energy efficiency of the overall bus fleet of one operator and aid to the management of its resources.We estimate a set of multivariate regression models, using cross-section dataset of 488 bus drivers operating over 92 days in 2010, in 87 routes with different bus typologies, of a transit company operating in the Lisbon’s Metropolitan Area (LMA), Rodoviária de Lisboa, S.A.Our results confirm the existence of influential variables regarding energy efficiency and these are mainly: vehicle type, commercial speed, road grades over 5% and bus routes; and to a lesser extent driving events such as: sudden longitudinal decelerations and excessive engine rotation. The methodology proved to be useful for the bus operator as a decision-support tool for efficiency optimization purpose at the company level. 相似文献