Estimating arterial link speed using conventional road detectors

Abstract

In response to an initiative to develop an advanced traffic information system in Bangkok, this paper explores practical guidelines for the optimal location of road sensors, such that the data collected on spot speeds reflect an entire link's average speed. In particular, the authors use microsimulation software to investigate optimal detector locations, using the sum of squared errors and root mean squared errors. The analysis hypothesizes that road segments are 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 km in length and are specially designed to replicate typical arterial streets in Bangkok. The results show that a single detector location can produce good estimates of link speed only for segments that are shorter than 1.0 km. For distances of 1.0 km or more, the results suggest that two detectors be used for good link speed estimates under all traffic conditions.     

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衔接多种运输方式之间中转货流的通用型综合交通枢纽是国家综合货物运输网路体系中的重要节点,同时也是城市交通网络的重要组成部分.本文运用无缝中转的思想,从综合交通枢纽与城市交通网络之间的动态关系出发,既保证用户广义费用最低,同时使整个货物运输系统的社会效益最大,从而构建综合交通枢纽货运站布局优化模型.该模型在考虑四种运输方式基础上,加入城市货流作为第五种运输方式,增强了模型的优越性.通过应用遗传算法求解模拟算例,验证了模型的合理性及遗传算法求解该问题的优越性.研究结果表明,该模型与实际情况吻合,是城市综合交通枢纽货运站布局优化的有效方法之一.     

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为缓解日益严重的交通拥堵及其带来的环境问题,中国很多城市开始发展轨道交通系统.但是轨道交通能否达到预期的分担率还取决于其相对于路面交通方式是否具有明显的优势.有效的运行管理系统不仅有利于轨道交通的建设与发展,也有利于提升整个城市交通系统的运行效率.针对拥挤线路,在一定的管理目标约束下,本文建立了票价、发车频率和车厢数的优化模型.模型还考虑了负外部性的噪声污染因素、车内拥挤度的反作用以及正外部性的缓解道路拥挤因素.选取苏州市为例,详细说明了某运输通道下轨道交通线路定价的有效性和服务供应的合理性的评价方法.理论与实例综合分析表明,与经济效益最大化相比,社会效益最大化的需求为低票价、多车厢数和高载客率.从现行的运行管理模式向社会效益最优转化需要降低票价、增大发车频次并增加车厢数.     

基于最优树算法的城市区域闭环路网相位差优化

针对区域协调控制中相位差的封闭性,采用图论知识,建立了闭环路网的判别方法及闭环路网相位差封闭性的表达模型;考虑协调相位每周期到达车辆数、闭环路网相位差对车辆造成的阻滞两个因素,建立了路段权重模型;以协调控制效益损失最小为优化目标,建立了基于最优生成树的闭环路网相位差优化方法.最后以一个区域闭环路网为例对所建方法进行具体分析.本文的研究可以为区域协调控制中闭环路网的相位差优化提供理论依据.     

沥青稳定碎石排水层配合比设计研究

为减少沥青混凝土路面早期水损害,在路面结构中设置沥青稳定碎石排水层,提高排除进入路面结构内部自由水的能力.对比国外排水沥青混合料的级配,确定适合我国工程运用的级配范围,依托化新高速公路实体工程,设计出沥青稳定碎石的工程级配.通过矿料表面积与油膜厚度估算油石比,结合析漏试验,运用马歇尔试验稳定度、空隙率、毛体积密度最终确定最佳油石比.针对沥青稳定碎石排水层的水稳性、高温稳定性、低温抗裂性进行了试验验证,完全满足路面内部结构排水层的要求.     

盾构被困实例分析及脱困措施

在隧道盾构施工过程中,盾构被困的现象时有发生,对工程施工进度、安全和周围环境等造成不利影响。通过工程实例分析刀盘、盾体和盾尾被困的常见原因,总结相应的脱困措施,得出盾构被困的分类判断依据:1)刀盘开口处被地层中异常渣土填充束缚的判断依据;2)边刀(边滚刀或边刮刀)磨损造成掌子面开挖轮廓不足的判断依据;3)刀盘前方存在硬质障碍物的判断依据。     

基于代理模型的水下航行体头型优化设计方法研究

文章采用Kriging代理模型技术针对水下航行体头型优化设计开展研究。采用CFD方法分析了不同头型水下航行体的流体动力性能,将性能参数作为初始样本建立代理模型;根据测试样本点的预测均方误差选择加点策略更新代理模型,提高代理模型预测精度;采用非劣分类遗传算法对阻力和表面压力开展多目标优化,寻找近似最优解。结果表明:基于代理模型技术的水下航行体头型多目标优化设计方法可以有效提高设计效率,获得具有良好水动特性的航行体头型。     

隔振器分布对浮筏隔振系统隔振性能的影响

目前,国内外对于浮筏隔振系统各个方面的研究都已很多,通常采用的是动力学建模及理论分析的方法。但此法通常是将隔振器简化为只有垂向刚度的弹簧和阻尼的单元,而忽略了隔振器的横向刚度及阻尼对系统的影响,简化模型与实际情况有一定差别,因此本文采用有限元法对浮筏隔振系统进行仿真分析。本文根据隔振器的选用及布置原则提出几种合理的布置方案,利用 ansys 有限元软件对提出的布置方案进行仿真,采用振级落差的隔振指标来评估浮筏隔振系统的隔振效果,为隔振器的布置方案设计提供一种思路。     

Surrogate‐based optimization of cordon toll levels in congested traffic networks

The benefit, in terms of social surplus, from introducing congestion charging schemes in urban networks is depending on the design of the charging scheme. The literature on optimal design of congestion pricing schemes is to a large extent based on static traffic assignment, which is known for its deficiency in correctly predict travel times in networks with severe congestion. Dynamic traffic assignment can better predict travel times in a road network, but are more computational expensive. Thus, previously developed methods for the static case cannot be applied straightforward. Surrogate‐based optimization is commonly used for optimization problems with expensive‐to‐evaluate objective functions. In this paper, we evaluate the performance of a surrogate‐based optimization method, when the number of pricing schemes, which we can afford to evaluate (because of the computational time), are limited to between 20 and 40. A static traffic assignment model of Stockholm is used for evaluating a large number of different configurations of the surrogate‐based optimization method. Final evaluation is performed with the dynamic traffic assignment tool VisumDUE, coupled with the demand model Regent, for a Stockholm network including 1240 demand zones and 17 000 links. Our results show that the surrogate‐based optimization method can indeed be used for designing a congestion charging scheme, which return a high social surplus. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Numerical optimal control method for shockwaves reduction at stationary bottlenecks

The paper introduces an optimal control method for traffic management with variable speed limits. It consists of traffic flow dynamics prediction with a non‐linearized Lighthill–Whitham–Richards macroscopic traffic flow model, introduction of a cost functional, which enables stable shockwaves optimization, and numerical implementation of the optimization process with differential evolution. The method overcomes the discretization issues and provides speed limits that are in general not limited to small number of successive discrete points, i.e. variable message signs locations, nor in rounded speed limits. Performance of the method is demonstrated on a case study, which shows promising reduction of the backward moving shockwave that occurs because of a stationary bottleneck. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.