浅谈城市公共交通存在的问题及建议——以兰州市为例

目前,城市公共交通中存在很多问题,单纯依靠道路建设和交通管理来扩大路网供应能力不能解决交通拥挤问题,交通需求总是趋于超过道路供给。如果没有有效的措施来抑制个体交通的拥有和使用,将导致城市交通的全面恶化。因此,在完善道路网络的同时,必须尽快建立有竞争力的公共交通体系,支持城市的可持续发展。     

生物柴油应用现状和船用前景

介绍生物柴油的性能特点和国内外发展现状,探讨生物柴油应用于船舶动力装置上所应解决的主要问题,包括制备适合于船舶动力装置使用且能大规模生产的船用生物柴油,船舶柴油机燃烧生物柴油的可靠性、经济性和排放性研究以及对燃油系统的功能要求,指出生物柴油代替现有矿物柴油的前景和研究的迫切性.     

太阳能光伏电力系统在800PCC滚装船上的应用研究

为使船舶达到绿色、环保的要求,并解决能源紧缺问题,在船上广泛应用太阳能是一种有效途径。介绍太阳能在船上应用的现状和相关规范对太阳能在船上应用的规定。分析在800PCC滚装船上应用太阳能的优势,给出该船的基本参数和航线,结合这些基本信息分析该船太阳能光伏电力系统的结构和运行模式。通过研究总结出该船应用太阳能可带来能效指数提高的积极效应。     

Can ports increase traffic while reducing inputs? Technical efficiency of Spanish Port Authorities using a directional distance function approach

The focus of this paper is on the productive efficiency of ports. We estimate a directional technology distance function using parametric techniques to analyze the production technology and technical efficiency of a set of Spanish Port Authorities observed over the period 1993–2012. Technical inefficiency is conceived as the ability of ports to simultaneously expand a given output and contract variable inputs while maintaining quasi-fixed inputs and other outputs constant. Thus, for containerized cargo we address the following question: Given the amount of quasi-fixed inputs used by the firm and given the volume of the other outputs (liquids, solids, non-containerized cargo and passenger traffic), could ports increase their containerized merchandise while simultaneously reducing their variable inputs? Similar questions are asked for solid bulk and non-containerized general cargo. Our results show evidence of technical inefficiency among the ports in our sample. In particular, if the ports operated efficiently, we find that containerized cargo could be expanded by an average of over 6.4%, with an equivalent reduction in variable inputs. Solid bulk cargo and general non-containerized cargo could be increased by 4.1% and 6.1% respectively, with corresponding reductions in variable inputs. An implication of our results is that there is ample scope for specialization on the part of ports with no increase in infrastructure costs. Given that large investments in infrastructure have been made in Spanish port over the last decade, this opens the possibility of moving towards a management model based on taking advantage of existing capacity rather than new investments.     

铁路隧道使用凿岩台车与风钻钻爆的比较研究

为进一步分析研究高铁隧道凿岩台车与风钻钻爆的优劣及适用性问题,以郑万高铁小三峡隧道工程为依托,介绍风钻钻爆 的施工应用情况及凿岩台车钻爆在施工应用方面的制约因素,并从施工工效、人员配置、安全性、超欠挖控制、成本投入等方面对比 分析。 主要研究结论如下: 1)采用凿岩台车钻爆,在硬岩条件下钻爆速度较快,Ⅲ、Ⅳ级围岩可通过工法调整来提高凿岩台车的施 工效率,遇软弱围岩时应慎重选用; 2)凿岩台车钻爆与风钻钻爆相比,劳动强度低、节省劳动力、安全风险小等方面具有突出成效; 3)理论分析凿岩台车钻爆较风钻钻爆平均线性超挖小,但实际施工过程中却反之,可通过加强管理来缩小与人工钻爆之间的超挖 差距; 4)凿岩台车对风钻钻爆的优势显而易见,随着隧道施工机械化进程不断地发展,将来一段时间凿岩台车钻爆替代风钻钻爆 施工是未来地下工程开挖的发展方向之一。     

直流综合电力推进内河吹泥船的设计

简要介绍了当前国内较为先进的新型直流综合电力推进内河吹泥船的研发背景及其主要性能参数,重点阐述了本船在开发设计过程中船型优化、直流综合电力推进系统、吸泥装置和冲水装置、定位系统、移船系统等方面的一些创新技术和特点,本船的开发设计对推进内河绿色、高效、高产能船舶具有较大的现实意义和示范作用。     

后置定子对喷水推进泵性能的影响规律研究

本文采用RNG k-ε模型对不同后置定子叶数的喷水推进泵性能进行数值模拟,首先采用4119桨进行数值验证,计算结果误差均在3%以内,可有效预报水动力学性能。基于现有模型喷水推进泵,分析其水动力学性能,对比不同叶数定子的喷水推进泵性能,分析其推力性能,发现随着定子叶数增加到11叶,推力增大了5.7%,随着叶数继续增加,推力降低,最终只提高了2.1%;对转子推力进行傅里叶分析,发现转子的频域特性并未发生变化;同时分析尾流场压力脉动和湍动能分布,增加定子叶数可改善尾部流场的压力脉动,降低脉动值,随着叶数继续增大,脉动值又增加,其变化趋势与湍动能分布相同。通过掌握定子对喷水推进泵尾流场的影响特性,奠定喷水推进泵设计基础。     

新能源电力推进对比分析

文章基于全球低碳节能政策,研究并概述了直流微网新能源电力推进系统及其关键技术,对比了以太阳能、蓄电池、氢燃料电池等为主动力的电力推进系统,并分析其性能、综合效率及实际船舶应用,对推进绿色船舶、节能减排等具有重要的实际意义。     

输入扰动对波动鳍推进性能影响的研究

输入扰动对波动鳍推进性能影响是一个新兴的研究领域。本文分析了高频率、小幅度和短波长的正弦波形叠加于波动鳍上时对波动鳍推进力的影响。建立运动学模型,利用四面体网格对计算区域进行划分,采用非耦合隐式求解器求解非定常不可压缩N-S方程和连续性方程。给出计算条件,并对算法给予验证。比较等波幅和变波幅两种正弦扰动波形下,波动鳍的无量纲阻力系数、阻力系数均值以及涡量场随周期(0.05 s、0.1 s、0.3 s、0.5 s、0.8 s)、幅度(0.0008 m、0.001 m、0.0015 m)和波长(0.002 m、0.008 m、0.012 m)的变化情况,从涡动力学角度对该影响进行解释。结果显示:输入扰动不仅影响了波动鳍前缘涡的传递,并对波动鳍周边及尾迹区域漩涡数量和强度产生了改变。除在特定条件外,输入扰动对波动鳍推进力产生负面影响,变波幅扰动的影响要大于等波幅情况。该研究可为波动鳍选择合适参数的输入扰动以提高推进力提供参考。     

Railway reforms: do they influence operating efficiency?

This paper considers railway operations in 23 European countries during 1995–2001, where a series of reform initiatives were launched by the European Commission, and analyses whether these reform initiatives improved the efficiency of the railway systems. Efficiency is measured using Multi-directional Efficiency Analysis, which enables investigation of how railway reforms affect the inefficiencies of specific cost drivers. The main findings are that the reform initiatives generally improve technical efficiency but potentially differently for different cost drivers. Specifically, the paper provides empirical evidence that accounting separation is important for improving the efficiency in the use of both material and staff costs, whereas other reforms only influenced one of these factors.