The economics of railway safety

This paper reviews the statistics and economics of railway safety in Great Britain, the European Union and the United States, together with some results for Finland and Japan. In these countries railway safety has improved over recent decades. That finding applies both to train accidents and to personal accidents such as persons struck by trains. Fatal train collisions and derailments command most attention even though they are infrequent and account for only a small minority of railway fatalities. Great Britain, the EU and the USA formally espouse conventional cost benefit analysis for the appraisal of railway safety measures, using the same valuations for the prevention of casualties as are used in road safety appraisal. However there are often strong institutional, legal and political pressures towards adopting railway safety measures with safety benefit: cost ratios well below 1. The best-documented examples of this are automatic train protection systems, which are discussed in the paper. Apart from trespassers, the largest group of railway fatalities occur at level crossings, which the paper also discusses. Level crossing safety measures would seem to be an appropriate subject for cost benefit analysis, but there are few case-studies in the literature. Over the last few decades, the railways in many countries have been privatised or deregulated with the aim of improving their economic performance. Such changes have the potential to affect safety. The paper reviews evidence of the effects on safety of railway restructuring in Great Britain, Japan and the United State, and finds no evidence that safety deteriorated.     

论异节拍流水施工中流水工期差异的实质

基于异节拍流水施工可以按照不窝工有间歇(即分别流水)或不间歇有窝工的形式组织,研究了异节拍流水施工中流水节拍产生两种流水工期差异的条件,及差异值与流水节拍值的关系。结果表明:流水工期差异为当m个施工段需要n道工序进行流水施工时,任意连续的3个流水节拍值中,若位于中间的流水节拍值为最小值,不窝工有间歇的流水工期(T)与不间歇有窝工的流水工期(T')的关系是T>T',并且其工期差值与3个连续流水节拍中的最小值和另一侧的流水节拍最大值的差值有关,是m-1的倍数;否则,T=T'。     

双电站船舶选择性保护设计

随着海军舰船的舰载设备Et趋复杂以及负载容量越来越大,导致电力系统配电层次Et益增加,双电站也更广泛地用于舰船以及要求具备安全返港能力的客船上。文中介绍双电站之间的跨接开关、主配电板的母联开关与配电系统各层次开关间保护整定值的合理分配以及各层开关的匹配原则。     

多机组船舶供电系统保护方案分析

船舶电力系统容量的不断增大使系统中发电机数量增多,分段和联络断路器的电流值都相应增加,从而给系统的保护设计带来了一定困难。本文以多台发电机的某船电力系统为例,设计了该船供电系统的保护方案。     

通航河流桥梁主动防船撞措施探讨

文章从影响通航条件的主要因素,即建桥对通航条件的影响入手,从桥梁选址、桥跨及墩位布设以及通航净空尺度等角度,全面分析了预防船撞桥事故发生的相关措施和技术要求,提出了从桥梁设计角度如何实现桥梁主动防船撞的方法,其成果可为桥梁设计借鉴参考。     

波浪作用下雷诺护垫护坡的设计与应用

文章介绍了雷诺护垫护坡技术。首先对其结构型式、技术参数进行介绍,然后分析了雷诺护垫护坡在波浪作用下的破坏机理,对其相关试验研究及具体设计准则做了详细的介绍,并对其在国内外的相关应用进行了介绍。最后综述了雷诺护垫护坡的各项性能特点。     

油田集输管线的联合阴极保护

外防腐层与阴极保护是油田集输管线最经济有效的防腐蚀措施,但是管线的阴极保护往往与油田地面设施的防雷/静电技术不匹配,管线的阴极保护效果受影响。文中介绍了采用联合阴极保护油田集输管线的极化水平不均的问题。从绝缘接头绝缘性、管线阻性以及站内地面设施接地等方面进行了阴极保护系统调查,指出绝缘接头失效、现有接地系统是导致电流漏失的因素。对集输管线原有阴极保护系统提出了在恒电位仪输出阴极串联具有强制分流的阴极接线箱、绝缘接头保护、接地改造等改进措施。     

适用于渤海湾的新型外转塔单点系泊方案研究

鉴于渤海湾出现的系泊事故,提出一种新型浅水外转塔系泊方案,以水池系泊试验考察该系泊方案的运动和系泊力,并与理论计算进行对比,以验证系统的安全性和可靠性,试验表明浅水外转塔系泊系统设计正确、合理.     

富水圆砾卵石层袖阀管注浆加固技术研究

南宁地铁1号线火车站站地质比较复杂,圆砾和卵石层富水、强透水,地下水位距地表6 m左右。为了确保地连墙施工过程中建筑物的安全,采用袖阀管注浆对地层进行加固。通过注浆试验对单液浆、双液浆及复合型浆液进行效果对比分析。结果证明采用复合型浆液取得了很好的注浆加固效果,可形成较好的胶结体。在地连墙施工过程中,建筑物最大累计沉降量未超过3 mm,确保了建筑物的安全。     

锚杆钢丝网喷浆技术在公路边坡防护中的应用

结合某实际工程,详细分析其边坡特点及稳定性,介绍岩石边坡防护中锚杆钢丝网喷射混凝土联合治理方案的应用并提出建议,可供同行参考。