上游静止柱体对圆柱体结构尾激振动的影响

文章运用半隐式特征线分裂算子有限元算法对串列布置的静止上游柱体和下游圆柱的尾激振动问题进行了数值模拟研究。数值结果表明:上游柱体结构的形状、尺寸比(d/D)和折减速度(Ur)三个参数对下游圆柱体结构的动力响应、运动轨迹与涡脱落模态有着显著的影响,且与单圆柱工况相比存在明显区别;随着尺寸比的增大,上/下游柱体结构之间的互扰作用会由流致效应逐渐转变为尾流效应,使得频率特性发生变化,并会导致下游圆柱体结构的振动响应增强;当d/D=0.5和1.0时,下游圆柱体结构的运动轨迹主要为“8”字形;当d/D=1.5时,除了“8”字形外,运动轨迹还会呈现双弯刀形、“双8”字形和不规则形状。通过对流体力系数与位移时程曲线及位移PSD曲线特性进行分析,揭示了其相互作用的内在机理。另外,下游圆柱体结构的尾流场特性也会随参数的变化而变化,其涡脱落模态主要为2S、P+S和2P三种。     

张紧器的结构参数对顶张式立管动力响应的影响研究

本文针对带液压气动式张紧器的顶张式立管,综合考虑浮式平台-张紧器-立管之间的运动关系、液压气柱的张力-冲程非线性关系、立管的真实截面布置以及采油树的作用,建立更加符合工程实际的三维有限元分析模型,并通过与实验结果对比验证了该模型的正确性。基于该有限元模型,研究了张紧器的结构参数对顶张式立管动力响应的影响。结果表明:活塞和活塞杆的直径以及高压气体的初始压强对立管的动力响应影响最大;低压气体的初始压强以及液压气柱和立管之间的夹角对立管的动力响应也有重要影响;在相同的环境条件下,高压气体和低压气体的初始体积对立管的动力响应的影响较小。     

大跨连续刚构桥下击暴流作用效应试验研究

为研究大跨连续刚构桥在下击暴流水平风速作用下的风振响应,开发了一套在大气边界层风洞中模拟下击暴流水平风速的试验装置。下击暴流水平风速剖面通过调节置于风洞中的斜板竖向位置与倾角来模拟,下击暴流时间特性通过控制两侧水平开合板运动的速度、角度来模拟。以广东虎门大桥辅航道桥为工程背景,设计并制作几何缩尺比为1：200连续刚构桥最大双悬臂状态气弹模型,进行了下击暴流瞬态风场、下击暴流稳态风场和大气边界层B类风场下连续刚构桥最大双悬臂状态气弹模型风洞试验,对不同风场下桥梁结构风致振动位移响应进行了对比分析。结果表明：采用下击暴流模拟装置在大气边界层风洞中所模拟的下击暴流水平风剖面与下击暴流经验风剖面吻合较好;采用下击暴流模拟装置实现了下击暴流风速时间特性的模拟,所模拟的下击暴流瞬态风场湍流度与目标值总体接近。在下击暴流瞬态风场下桥梁梁端横桥向位移响应时变均方根最大值约为在B类风场下梁端横桥向位移响应均方根值的2.7~6.8倍;在下击暴流稳态风场下桥梁梁端横桥向位移响应时变均方根最大值约为在B类风场下梁端横桥向位移响应均方根值的70%~230%。在下击暴流瞬态风场下桥梁梁端竖向位移响应时变均方根最大值约为在B类风场下梁端竖向位移响应均方根值的2.3~5.3倍;在下击暴流稳态风场下桥梁梁端竖向位移响应时变均方根最大值约为在B类风场下梁端竖向位移响应均方根值的90%~260%。     

基于ANFIS的环境激励下桥梁结构应变响应预测分析

为准确预测复杂环境荷载作用下混凝土连续梁桥结构应变响应,基于结构健康监测系统长期实测数据,分析桥梁结构温度场变化规律,进而基于主成分分析及自适应神经网络模糊推理系统,建立桥梁结构温度场与桥梁结构应变响应的复杂非线性关系。首先,利用小波分解技术分离环境荷载及车辆荷载作用下的桥梁结构实测应变响应;然后利用平行坐标轴,分析混凝土连续梁桥结构温度场变化规律,并利用主成分分析提取结构温度场实测温度数据主成分;最后基于自适应神经网络模糊推理系统,以应变测点处温度数据、桥梁结构温度场实测温度数据主成分和采样时间点数据为输入数据,分别建立不同输入变量组合与应变响应的复杂非线性关系,并对比分析不同工况下结构应变响应的预测精度。结果表明：桥梁结构各测点处实测温度数据变化趋势基本一致,同侧测点实测温度数据高度相关,但桥梁结构上、下表面测点温度变化存在明显差异,仅考虑应变测点处温度变化,难以准确预测桥梁结构应变响应;当考虑桥梁结构温度场变化时,能更精确地建立温度与应变响应之间的关系模型,进而基于实测温度数据准确预测桥梁结构应变响应;当缺乏结构温度场实测温度数据时,将采样时间点作为反映桥梁结构温度场变化规律的参数,可取得较好效果。     

隧道爆破荷载作用下中隔壁动力响应与破坏机理研究

中隔壁结构作为隧道初期支护体系中重要的承载构件,在隧道爆破荷载作用下极易发生损伤开裂和破坏。首先依托双向八车道的港沟高速公路隧道工程,进行爆破荷载作用下中隔壁的动力损伤破坏试验,提出中隔壁支护结构的破坏形态及类型;然后利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA建立隧道爆破与中隔壁支护结构数值模型,采用流固耦合的方法模拟岩体爆破及中隔壁支护结构的动力响应,并考虑单段装药量、爆距等不同因素,研究其对中隔壁破坏模式及形态的影响。研究结果表明：隧道爆破荷载作用下中隔壁破坏形式分为背爆侧混凝土开裂剥落、中心区域混凝土震塌成洞、钢筋网及纵向连接钢筋震坏断裂、钢拱架发生扭曲变形4种类型;中隔壁支护结构在爆破应力波的作用下处于反复拉压状态,并在岩石破碎抛掷冲击的作用下发生破坏,且中隔壁支护结构中心、顶部和底部是结构最易发生损伤的部位;单段装药量和爆距的改变会对中隔壁支护结构的破坏范围和破坏程度产生影响,且结构呈现出不同的破坏形态,与现场试验结果一致;建议隧道爆破施工时爆距控制在40 cm以上,单段药量控制在7.2 kg以下,以减少对中隔壁支护结构的破坏。     

The accuracy of proxy responses in a stated choice setting: A re-examination and some controversial conclusions

Data is typically gathered from an individual respondent who represents the group or the household. This individual is often identified as the “primary decision maker” and is asked to provide responses as a proxy for the group given that the cost of interviewing each member individually is impractical and/or expensive. The collection of joint preferences is rarely undertaken, with the use of proxy responses not uncommon in travel behaviour research. Under such a framework, there exists an assumption that the primary decision maker has perfect knowledge of other group member preferences, and bargaining behaviour, and is able to synthesise this information when providing a response on their behalf. The validity of such an assumption however remains an open question, with recent research calling the reliability of proxy responses into account (Bateman and Munro, 2009). In this paper, using three models estimated in willingness to pay space, we examine the accuracy of proxy responses in a stated choice experiment. We find that there is overlap between a proxy response and the own preferences of the individual providing the proxy choice, but while the proxy responses fail to represent the full preference heterogeneity that exists in the actual choices made by individuals, the proxy responses in aggregate provide a suitable replacement for actual data, subject to a number of caveats.     

盾构法T接隧道结构受力现场试验研究——以宁波轨道交通3号线联络通道为例

为了了解盾构法T接隧道在施工过程中主隧道外部的荷载以及响应,以国内第一条使用机械法施工的联络通道--宁波轨道交通3号线为背景进行研究。本文通过研究施工过程中的施工工况节点,现场监测主隧道结构的外荷载、收敛变形并计算结构内力,得到在整个施工过程中主隧道的结构响应及其变化规律。通过本文的研究,可以得出以下结论： 1）施工过程可依据外部荷载和结构体系进行划分工况,各工况具有明显的不同响应; 2）始发端和接收端的内力变化主要受到盾构顶力和外部注浆荷载的影响,且主要影响切削侧,切削过程中的内力增量在10%～20%,注浆压力影响的增量部分达到了50%; 3）各环及内支撑轴力增量在200 kN以下,破洞位置导致的轴力损失可以由其余位置共同承担,不需要特殊的破洞阶段超载设计。     

Effect of Seismic Parameters on the Safety Factor for an Underground Cavern北大核心CSCD

In order to quantitatively evaluate the safety of the surrounding rock of an underground cavern under seis-mic load, a comprehensive evaluation method for the stability of surrounding rock is proposed based on the general safety factor and point safety factor. A calculation method for the general safety factor of a cavern based on the prin-ciple of shear strength reduction of a rock mass is given, the run-through of the plastic zone between the main power-house and main transformer room is presented as a critical criterion for the overall instability of the cavern, and the general safety factor is obtained by searching for the reduction coefficient. A point safety factor calculation method based on the Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion is given. The influence of different seismic input parameters on the general safety factor of the cavern and the point safety factor of key positions are studied based on an underground power-house cavern of a hydropower station in Southwest China. The results show that the quantitative evaluation method for the stability of the surrounding rock based on the safety factor is feasible and can reflect the general safety de-gree and local safety degree of different positions of the cavern for different working conditions. It is found that the general safety factor of the cavern and the point safety factor of key positions decrease with an increase of the ampli-tude and duration of a seismic wave while they increase with an increase of the incident angle; additionally, the low frequency of a seismic wave has a great influence on the cavern while the high frequency has little effect. © 2018, Editorial Office of "Modern Tunnelling Technology". All right reserved.     

Asymmetry in transport fuel demand: Evidence from household level data

Models for gasoline demand for transportation activities generally assume that demand is perfectly reversible with respect to gasoline price (and income). The small literature which relaxes the reversibility assumption in gasoline demand argues technological fixation leads to this asymmetry and utilizes aggregate time-series model to find evidence in favour of asymmetry. In this research it is suggested that there could also be behavioural factors behind this asymmetric response, possibly due to the loss aversion nature of human beings as described in the prospect theory. For the first time, household level data was used to understand asymmetry in gasoline demand in response to changes in gasoline price and income. There was statistical evidence that gasoline price and income both can induce asymmetric changes in gasoline demand among households. Specifically, elasticity with respect to rising prices and falling income is larger than the elasticity with respect to falling prices and rising income respectively, which is consistent with loss aversion in gasoline purchase behaviour. There was also some evidence of heterogeneity in the asymmetric responses between urban and rural households. The results have implications for transport-related energy tax policies or subsidies, while the method can be applied directly for non-energy goods as well.     

考虑冰、浪等复杂载荷工况的半潜式平台应力与运动响应特征

半潜平台在极地深水海域应用广泛,经常面对冰、浪等复杂载荷。本文从应力时程和运动时程两方面分析了半潜平台在波浪载荷,海冰载荷以及冰-浪联合载荷作用下的响应特征。结果表明,虽然海冰载荷的存在具有一定程度的抑波作用,平台的震荡得到缓解,但是冰-浪联合载荷会导致平台关键节点部位所受应力幅值大幅增加,并超过海冰和波浪单独作用产生的应力之和,对半潜平台的结构安全造成较大威胁。因此在研究、设计极地海域半潜平台时应同时考虑冰、浪对平台的影响。