海底输气管道泄漏风险定量分析

由于海底管道工作环境的恶劣性,其失效概率较高,一旦发生泄漏事故,后果严重．本文以某一海洋平台周围海底输气管道为背景,运用海洋工程领域风险评估软件NEPTUNE对不同破损情况下天然气泄漏扩散的情况进行了模拟,计算了泄漏气体点燃概率,预测了泄漏天然气爆炸事故的危害半径,其分析结果对海底管道油气泄漏扩散范围的预测及油气点燃概率计算方法的研究具有一定的参考作用．     

水下爆炸作用下箱形梁模型响应试验研究

对模拟水面舰船结构的箱形梁模型在水下爆炸作用下的响应进行试验,借助高速摄像机观测气泡脉动过程和结构响应过程,发现箱形梁结构在水下爆炸作用下的响应可以分为三个阶段.不同的爆点位置,气泡脉动能够激起不同振动形式的鞭状响应运动.     

The importance of oceanographic fronts to marine birds and mammals of the southern oceans

During the last 30 years, at-sea studies of seabirds and marine mammals in the oceans south of the Subtropical Front have described an association with major frontal areas. More recently, the advancement in microtechnology has allowed the tracking of individuals and investigations into how these marine predators actually use the frontal zones. In this review, we examine 1) the relative importance to apex predators of the different frontal zones in terms of spatial distribution and carbon flux; 2) the processes that determine their preferential use; and 3) how the mesoscale dynamics of frontal structures drive at-sea foraging strategies of these predators. We review published results from southern waters and place them in a broader context with respect to what has been learned about the importance of fronts in oceans farther north.Some fronts constitute important boundaries for seabird communities in southern waters. At a mesoscale the maximum values of seabird diversity and abundance correspond to the location of the main fronts. At-sea surveys show a strong curvilinear correlation between seabird abundance and sea surface temperatures. High mean species richness and diversity for whales and seabirds are consistently associated with the southern water mass boundary of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, the Subtropical Front and the Subantarctic Front; in the case of the Polar Front mean seabird densities are more variable. At small-scales, variation in seabird occurrence has been directly related to the processes at fronts in a limited number of cases. A significant positive relation was found between some plankton feeding species and frontal temperature gradient–phytoplankton variables.Telemetric studies have revealed that several apex predators (penguins, albatrosses, seals) perform long, directed foraging trips either to the Subtropical front or Polar Front, depending on locality. Seabirds with low flight costs, such as albatrosses, are able to reach fronts at long distances from colonies, showing variable foraging strategies as a function of the distances involved. Diving birds such as King penguins, that travel at a higher cost and lower speed, rely on the predictable spatial distribution of mesopelagic fish found close to the Polar Front. They may use the currents associated with eddies as oceanographic cues in the active search for frontal zones. Once in these areas they dive preferentially in and below the depth of the thermocline where catches per unit effort are high. Elephant seals concentrate foraging activity principally inside or at the boundary of cyclonic eddies. These mesoscale features appear to offer exceptional productivity favourable for foraging by various diving top predators.The connection between biophysical parameters at fronts and predators is likely to be made through biological enhancement. Top predators appear to forage at locations where prey are advected by physical processes and others where prey are produced locally. Long-term research on at-sea distributions and demographic parameters of top predators are essential to assess the consequences of potential shift in front distributions in relation to global warming. Such environmental changes would add to the impact of fish extraction by the industrial fisheries on the southern food webs.     

小样本情况下的船舶溢油事故风险评价研究

船舶溢油风险评价是一项复杂的多因素问题,是船舶溢油应急管理的关键环节.作为智能搜索算法的代表理论,BP神经网络被认为是进行不确定风险评价的较好方法之一,然而船舶溢油事故属于小样本事件,统计数据往往难以满足BP神经网络要求的样本容量.针对这一困境,首先提出一种利用B样条最小二乘理论的数据拟合法,显著增加样本数.其次,根据船舶溢油特点建立了基于BP神经网络的船舶溢油风险评价模型.最后以上海港近年发生的10起溢油事故为实例,检验了模型的可行性.     

管路系统结构及其参数对冲击响应的影响分析

对管路系统进行了冲击响应的仿真及试验分析,得到了管路系统弹性吊架、间隙、弹性支撑三种管路系统结构及其参数对冲击响应的影响情况.结果表明:集中质量点处的最大冲击加速度值在管路系统配置了弹性吊架后有所减小,配置间隙后有所增大,弯管处的应变最大值则反之.在较小范围改变吊架刚度及间隙大小对两者的影响均不大,但两者在管路系统配置了弹性支撑后均有所减小,且均衡支撑将使应变最大值的减小更为明显.研究结果为舰艇管路系统结构抗冲击防护提供了支持.     

潜艇典型结构在撞击载荷作用下动态响应的试验研究

针对潜艇典型结构单元（加筋平板和加筋圆柱壳）在受到撞击载荷作用下的损伤变形模式和撞击过程中结构的动态响应进行试验研究。研究结果表明：筋材的内置和外置对平板和壳体结构的损伤变形模式具有很大影响,但对加筋板和加筋圆柱壳模型结构整体的吸能特性并无太大影响;壳体结构与平板结构相比较,具有更好的吸能特性,平板结构具有更好的抗撞击能力。     

防风网结构风振疲劳特性研究

针对某港实际工程．采用有限元方法对防风网结构在脉动风荷载作用下的动力响应进行分析,并根据瞬态动力分析的结果,找出防风网结构应力疲劳最危险的单元。结合疲劳分析的基本理论,应用雨流法统计最危险单元的应力时程,得到应力循环次数及应力幅大小,根据Miner线性累积损伤准则编写ANSYS的风振疲劳程序．计算得到防风网结构的疲劳寿命。根据实际工程,验证设计风速为26．8m／s持续作用下防风网结构的疲劳寿命。     

广州地铁硬岩段土压平衡盾构掘进施工的对策

广州地铁3号线某盾构区间地质条件复杂,既有极为松软的淤泥质土、砂层,又有坚硬的微风化混合岩、辉绿岩等.分析盾构机在硬岩段掘进中刀具磨损的原因,并主要通过对盾构掘进参数设定、姿态控制、泡沫使用等方面的研究,提出在广州地区硬岩段土压平衡盾构掘进的施工措施.     

香港地铁的安全风险管理

概述地铁有限公司在香港建立和实践安全风险管理体系的经验、运营铁路安全管理组织架构、工程项目各阶段的安全风险管理规划、主要安全风险管理任务及分析方法等.     

怀邵衡铁路沅江特大桥主桥设计

怀邵衡铁路沅江特大桥主桥为矮塔斜拉加劲连续梁组合结构,跨径为(90+180+90)m,采用塔、梁固结体系,综述该桥上部结构设计与计算。主梁采用单箱单室变截面混凝土箱梁;桥塔采用双柱式桥塔,塔高28 m;斜拉索为空间双索面体系,扇形布置。采用MIDAS Civil2006及BDAP程序对该桥进行结构计算分析,结果表明:该桥静力、稳定及动力特性均满足要求。