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131.
Breakthrough innovations, whether technological, organizational or both, are a necessity if the market share of intermodal freight transport is to expand. The main growth potential lies in the markets for flows over short distances, for perishable and high-value commodities, for small consignments, and for flows that demand speed, reliability and flexibility. It will take radical innovations to produce a breakthrough in the modal split and allow these new markets to be conquered. This special issue is based on papers presented at an international conference on freight transport automation and multimodality, held in Delft in May 2002, that are illustrative of the direction of breakthrough research and development (R&D) aimed at increasing the market share for intermodal transport. 相似文献
132.
Marine protected areas (MPAs) are now generally accepted as important tools in the protection of coastal biodiversity. It is also likely that they play a positive role in enhancing fisheries. Yet currently, less than 1% of the global oceans are protected, although international agreements have targets ranging from 10–30% coverage. Despite its minuscule size, we consider the current MPA “network” to be beneficial to fisheries, and its running or maintenance cost, therefore, to be a positive contribution to the sustainability of fisheries, or a “beneficial” subsidy (“harmful” subsidies enhance fishing capacity and effort). A method was derived from data in Balmford et al. (PNAS, 101: 9694–9697) to estimate the annual cost of maintaining MPAs as a function of their size, and of the degree of development of the country in question. We provide national costs of the 53 countries that jointly contribute 95% of global fisheries catch and, assuming that this type of subsidy, in a given country, cannot exceed 15% of the ex-vessel value of its fisheries catches, estimated a global MPA subsidy to fisheries of 870 million US$. Given that total subsidies to fisheries currently range from 30–34 billion US$ annually (without MPA costs), this amounts to only 2.5–2.8% of total subsidies to fisheries being devoted explicitly to the maintenance of the biodiversity that sustains them. 相似文献
133.
山区公路建设生态保护和水土保持 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
对山区公路建设生态保护和水土保持作了比较深入地分析与探讨,总结归纳了山区公路施工、营运期生态保护和水土保持的重点与措施,并对国内外公路建设生态保护进行了比较。 相似文献
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高等级道路通过机场飞行区时,需根据无线电导航设施及其保护区范围、按照机场净空要求、考虑道路灯光对地面航空灯的影响,同时结合道路本身线形设计要求来确定最终道路线位方案。该文介绍了机场无线电导航设施及其保护区范围内场地要求,同时以南五环路穿过南苑机场无线电导航设施保护区的线位选择为例,详细介绍在满足机场要求的前提下,南五环路在通过机场飞行区范围内合理调整线位,使五环路通过机场飞行区时,满足飞行区技术标准。 相似文献
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杭州湾跨海大桥水中低墩区钢管桩设计 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
结合杭州湾跨海大桥水中低墩区自然环境条件,对该区域桥梁钢管桩设计思路做了较详细的说明,包括从钢管桩设计方案的选择到钢管桩细部构造的设计思路,结构受力的理论计算,施工、制造工艺水平等方面。 相似文献
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Toshiyuki?Shigemi Tingyao?ZhuEmail author 《Journal of Marine Science and Technology》2004,9(3):95-108
ClassNK has undertaken wide-ranging basic research covering many aspects related to the safety of ship structures, including design loads, structural analysis, strength assessment of buckling, collapse, and fatigue, and rational corrosion margins to develop new design standards which have transparency and consistency. Among the wide-ranging basic research, this article summarizes the results of extensive work on the design loads used for strength assessments of tanker and bulk carrier structures. The main aim of the research was to develop practical estimation methods of design loads with rational technical backgrounds relating to the actual loads acting on the primary structural members of tankers and bulk carriers. During this study, we proposed the following methodology. Design sea states that closely resemble the actual sea states which are considered to be the most severe for hull structures. Find practical estimation methods for the design sea states by parametric studies using the results of series calculations on representative tankers and bulk carriers. Find practical estimation methods for design regular waves which will result in the same level of stresses as those induced in irregular waves under the design sea states. We also briefly introduced some practical estimation methods for the design loads, such as ship motions, accelerations, hull-girder bending moments, and hydrodynamic pressures that are induced under design regular waves. The findings in this study have been summarized and implemented in the new design standards for tanker and bulk carrier structures.Updated from the Japanese original which won the 2003 SNAJ prize (J Soc Nav Archit Jpn 2002; 191:195–207; 2002; 191:208–220; and 2002; 192:723–733) 相似文献