浅谈山区公路的边坡防护及绿化设计

尽量保护自然景观是山区公路建设中的重要环保问题之一。文中以阳春市S369公路为例，重点分析了山区公路边坡稳定性、边坡防护、生态恢复和景观美化，以保证公路的边坡稳定和保护沿线的自然景观。     

Analyzing spatiotemporal traffic line source emissions based on massive didi online car-hailing service data

Nowadays, the massive car-hailing data has become a popular source for analyzing traffic operation and road congestion status, which unfortunately has seldom been extended to capture detailed on-road traffic emissions. This study aims to investigate the relationship between road traffic emissions and the related built environment factors, as well as land uses. The Computer Program to Calculate Emissions from Road Transport (COPERT) model from European Environment Agency (EEA) was introduced to estimate the 24-h NOx emission pattern of road segments with the parameters extracted from Didi massive trajectory data. Then, the temporal Fuzzy C-Means (FCM) Clustering was used to classify road segments based on the 24-h emission rates, while Geographical Detector and MORAN’s I were introduced to verify the impact of built environment on line source emissions and the similarity of emissions generated from the nearby road segments. As a result, the spatial autoregressive moving average (SARMA) regression model was incorporated to assess the impact of selected built environment factors on the road segment emission rate based on the probabilistic results from FCM. It was found that short road length, being close to city center, high density of bus stations, more ramps nearby and high proportion of residential or commercial land would substantially increase the emission rate. Finally, the 24-h atmospheric NO₂ concentrations were obtained from the environmental monitor stations, to calculate the time variational trend by comparing with the line source traffic emissions, which to some extent explains the contribution of on-road traffic to the overall atmospheric pollution. Result of this study could guide urban planning, so as to avoid transportation related built environment attributes which may contribute to serious atmospheric environment pollutions.     

Public service obligations for air transport in the United States and Europe: Connectivity effects and value for money

Public service obligations (PSOs) are used by governments in many countries, including the United States and 11 countries in Europe, to mandate a minimum level of commercial air transportation service, especially for small or rural communities. This paper analyzes PSOs in these 12 countries for the year 2010 using the recently proposed Global Connectivity Index to measure direct and indirect market access and a novel subsidy database covering 90% of PSO movements in these countries to assess value-for-money.We show that PSO services represent about 2.5% of all commercial movements in the 12 countries analyzed, generating about 1% of these countries’ total air transport connectivity. Over all routes for which data was available, approximately USD$ 900 million was earmarked for PSO and air service discount provision in 2010, with average subsidies per movement ranging from about $700 to $3500. PSO market access and efficiency outcomes vary across the countries analyzed. Some countries, such as Germany and the United States, focus on providing network access for smaller communities, thereby creating not only point-to-point, but also onward connectivity, while others such as Norway, Sweden, and Ireland, predominantly aim at providing “lifeline services” that connect remote regions to a nearby economic center without providing onward connections.     

Optimization of periodic crew schedules with application of column generation method

We present an alternative approach to the problem of periodic crew scheduling. We introduce the concept of frames which leads us to a modeling approach which suits well the current practice of the majority of European railway operators. It results in a model facilitating column generation techniques resulting in a Dantzig-Wolfe type decomposition, and thus suitable for a parallel implementation in a high-performance computing environment. We exploit the properties of network flow models to avoid several additional integer constraints. We compare two approaches to solve the problem. The first approach consists of solving the original problem by single model. The second approach is our step-by-step column generation. The comparison is based on our implementation which we describe in detail along with its application to certain benchmark instances. The benchmarks originate in real or close-to-realistic problems from railway systems in Slovakia and Hungary. The case studies demonstrate that our model is well-suited for real-life applications.     

Designing an integrated distribution system for catering services for high-speed railways: A three-echelon location routing model with tight time windows and time deadlines

An emerging task in catering services for high-speed railways (CSHR) is to design a distribution system for the delivery of high-quality perishable food products to trains in need. This paper proposes a novel model for integrating location decision making with daily rail catering operations, which are affected by various aspects of rail planning, to meet time-sensitive passenger demands. A three-echelon location routing problem with time windows and time budget constraints (3E-LRPTWTBC) is thus proposed toward formulating this integrated distribution system design problem. This model attempts to determine the capacities/locations of distribution centers and to optimize the number of meals delivered to stations. The model also attempts to generate a schedule for refrigerated cars traveling from distribution centers to rail stations for train loading whereby meals can be catered to trains within tight time windows and sold before a specified time deadline. By relaxing the time-window constraints, a relaxation model that can be solved using an off-the-shelf mixed integer programming (MIP) solver is obtained to provide a lower bound on the 3E-LRPTWTBC. A hybrid cross entropy algorithm (HCEA) is proposed to solve the 3E-LRPTWTBC. A small-scale case study is implemented, which reveals a 9.3% gap between the solution obtained using the HCEA and that obtained using the relaxation model (RM). A comparative analysis of the HCEA and an exhaustive enumeration algorithm indicates that the HCEA shows good performance in terms of computation time. Finally, a case study considering 156 trains on the Beijing-Shanghai high-speed corridor and a large-scale case study considering 1130 trains on the Chinese railway network are addressed in a comprehensive study to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed models and algorithm.     

基于LTE的城市轨道交通车地通信综合承载系统

为保证城市轨道交通运营安全,迫切需要整合车地无线通信生产业务的承载需求,建立基于城市轨道交通专用无线频段的车地通信系统。利用我国自主知识产权的TD-LTE(time division long term evolution,分时长期演进)技术,设计出基于LTE(long term evolution,长期演进)的城市轨道交通车地通信综合承载系统(LTE-M),在北京的国家铁道实验中心环形道进行全球第1个LTE-M系统的试验段测试。整个测试过程完全复制列车的实际运行场景,包括真实的车辆、设备以及高架、隧道等实际通信场景。大量的测试结果表明,所设计的LTE-M系统抗干扰能力强、综合承载能力强、频谱利用率高,能够满足轨道交通业务需求。LTEM系统用于承载轨道交通综合业务,在保障CBTC(基于通信的列车控制)业务高可靠传输的同时,能够为CCTV(车辆视频监控)和PIS(乘客信息系统)等业务提供有效的传输通道。     

北京新机场线服务标准研究

北京新机场线是连接首都第二国际机场与中心城的轨道交通专线,其服务对象、功能需求、运营目标与普通地铁线路差异巨大。基于对公交系统运营要素的认识,站在城市轨道交通运营设计的角度,以落实运营需求及标准为目标,对新机场线应具备的服务标准予以探讨,重点落实速度标准、舒适度标准以及发车间隔、可靠性等指标分析。     

基于“1+X”证书制度下高职人才培养模式研究与实践——以汽车技术服务与营销专业为例

目前我国高职汽车技术服务与营销人才培养存在对职业培训不够重视、产教融合深度不够、师资技能培训力度不够等问题。为了深入贯彻落实《国家职业教育改革实施方案》和《职业技能提升行动方案(2019-2021)》文件精神,稳步推进"学历证书+若干职业技能等级证书"制度试点工作,对培养新型汽车技术服务与营销应用型人才提出了更高的要求,基于这一背景,本文对完善高职汽车技术服务与营销专业人才培养模式提出了相应的措施和建议。     

北京市郊轨道交通发展策略

构建适应不同需求层次、多模式有机融合的轨道交通体系已成为服务北京都市圈交通需求的必然抉择。首先分析北京市现状轨道交通网络规模、功能层次以及与城市空间扩展的适配性。按照服务水平和层次多样的出行需求特征,将北京都市圈范围内轨道交通划分为4个主要功能层次并分析其功能和服务范围。针对轨道交通发展模式单一的现状,提出北京市郊轨道交通发展策略,即规划范围应打破行政边界,重视市郊轨道交通对中心城轨道交通网络运能的缓解作用及对城市发展的引导,以及市郊轨道交通与中心城衔接、既有国铁资源利用、建设时序和投资模式等。     

关于加强打车软件综合管理的建议

中国打车软件从2012年开始上线,“嘀嘀打车”和“快的打车”通过“双向补贴”方式竞争客户,一度导致全国范围主要城市出租汽车运营秩序混乱,引起社会广泛争议。对打车软件涉及的金融系统安全、出租汽车运营秩序、群体性事件等问题展开分析。总结国内外打车软件的主要区别,指出中国打车软件的管理更为复杂、更容易引起社会矛盾。最后,建议在国家层面提出指导性意见,着重研究网络金融进入公共服务业的规则、现代信息技术服务于出租汽车营运的管理规则,以及出租汽车行业管理中政府和企业的权责界限。