港口水域通航安全管理存在问题分析及对策

《港口法》生效实施以来,港口水域的通航安全监督管理状况发生了较大的变化。从海事机构水上安全监管的职责出发,结合当前港口水域的安全管理状况,对海事机构在港口水域通航安全监督管理中存在的主要问题,如港口水域界定、港口岸线使用许可、港口航道、锚地的划定、水上水下施工等,从法律法规、管理机制和日常监管等几个方面进行分析并提出具体建议。     

Upwelling mechanisms in the northwestern Alboran Sea

From April 1996 to July 1997, a series of hydrographic surveys were carried out in the Northwestern part of the Alboran Sea to investigate the upwelling that is an almost permanent feature in this area. Simultaneously a mooring line was deployed in the north part of the eastern section of the Strait of Gibraltar to monitor the variability of the Atlantic Jet (AJ). Two mechanisms are shown to be relevant for the upwelling dynamic in the region: the southward drifting of the AJ and wind stress. A linear relation between the angle under which the Jet enters the Alboran Sea and the distance from the coastline to the front associated with the Jet has been found. This angle that has been estimated from the low passed time series of current velocity measured by the uppermost instrument of the moored line has been then used to identify the onshore–offshore excursions of the Jet. Both upwelling mechanisms are identified from hydrographic data, because each of them has associated a different type of water mass, and they take place in different locations. Wind-driven upwelling dominates in coastal zones, on the shelf, while upwelling associated with southward drifting of the AJ prevails further offshore. The amount of sub-surface water brought up to the surface by each one is of the same order. However, wind-driven upwelling contributes to the fertilization of this region in a major extent because water upwelled by wind is richer in nutrient concentration.     

航路改革后长江安徽段上行大船航迹线规划研究

针对航路改革后的长江安徽段上行大船航迹线如何重新规划问题,以实船试验为依托,测算出船在不同水深点上的速度;比较船在缓流中的速度增加率与船在浅水中的速度减小率的乘积.结果显示:船舶当处在相对水深为2.15的点上时,乘积最大,无岸壁效应,并通常能满足分隔效果,故应将此点作为安全与经济船位,此类船位的连线即为安全与经济航迹线.     

浅析内河船舶碰撞事故的若干特性

文中提出了内河船舶碰撞事故所具有的一些基本特性，列举了大量具体数据、实例，从事实上进行了详细的分析，并结合水上交通碰撞事故某些个性从管理的基本原理出发加以探析。只有关注和研究船舶碰撞事故特性，才能减少或避免碰撞事故的发生。     

舟山北部水域大型泊位规划对通航效率影响的仿真模拟研究

远期规划的舟山北部水域大型泊位高达50余个。进港航速低、历时长、乘潮和靠泊时间窗口要求特殊,是大型船舶影响港口通航效率的主要因素。在现状及近、远期港口规划条件下,基于Arena仿真建模方法,构建舟山北部水域大型船舶进出港仿真模型,定量统计分析不同阶段大型泊位规划对船舶通航效率的影响。结果表明:近、远期规划实施后大型船舶流量增加33%和65%,远期规划中黄泽作业区的船舶平均等待时间较现状增加约10.5 h,小洋山作业区和鼠浪湖作业区分别增加约0.5 h和2 h,对通航效率整体影响有限。     

论内河交通事故调查结论的不可诉性

2007年5月20日,一艘货船在长江武汉段一加油站加油时突然发生爆炸事故,经长江航运公安局认定：这起事故由加油货船负直接责任。事故发生后,武汉海事局经过大量调查取证,并根据长江航运公安局的责任认定,作出了由加油货船对爆炸事故承担全部责任的调查结论。加油货船对调查结论不服,分别对长江航运公安局和武汉海事局提起行政诉讼。笔者认为：海事事故调查结论具有不可诉性。     

关于内河自卸砂船结构计算的若干问题

分析船舶内河自卸砂船结构计算中容易产生分歧的问题，提出解决问题的方法。     

船舶在长江浅区的操控研究

文章依据操纵理论和航行实践中的大量数据,采用归纳统计、数据拟合等方法,建立起能避免或减小浅区效应的数学模型,然后运用数学模型,以炜伦1号轮为例,定量研究航船在长江浅区的操控课题。     

Application of a validated primary production model (BLOOM) as a screening tool for marine, coastal and transitional waters

In order to manage aquatic systems, it is necessary to apply methods relating the environmental variables and system-state parameters with external factors that affect the system. External factors can be natural (i.e. the movement of water) or partly-anthropogenic (i.e. nutrient loads). In addition to the national authorities, who have been implementing environmental policies for several decades, the EU is presently implementing the Water Framework Directive (WFD) aimed at establishing a new set of standards for the ecological and water quality of water systems. Among these are the phytoplankton biomass and composition. Phytoplankton affects turbidity, oxygen depletion, total productivity of the system and the occurrence of (harmful) algal blooms. A range of methods is available to relate phytoplankton to the controlling environmental conditions. Among these are statistical relations for instance of the Vollenweider type as well as deterministic simulation models. At the end of the 1970s, a generic deterministic phytoplankton module called BLOOM was developed, which has since been applied to a wide range of fresh water and marine systems. Here we test the applicability of this model as a screening tool for coastal waters. We conclude that the model is able to reproduce observed chlorophyll levels adequately under a wide range of conditions. Subsequently the model is applied to demonstrate the potential impacts of reductions in nitrogen, phosphorus or both nutrients simultaneously. Depending on which factors are initially controlling, the impacts of these reductions vary considerably both between locations and during the season. While this type of application lacks explicit relations between nutrient concentrations and external loadings, it does consider a number of relevant conditions in a consistent way and requires remarkably little data and effort. It is therefore a valuable screening tool.     

Should chemical tankers' tank cleaning waters be banned from discharging into the sea?

Entering of chemical substances into aquatic environment occurs either by involuntary accidents or discharging of chemical wastes resulting from tank washing operations of tankers carrying chemicals. MARPOL 73/78 Convention strict regulations on discharging of chemical residues left in their tanks to the sea, but permits the discharging of such residues provided certain conditions are met. In the present study; the period from 1996 to 2016 is examined and the number of new tankers participating in the chemical tanker fleet and the distribution of these tankers according to dwt tonnage is shown. The tanker fleet which consisted of 1.882 ships in 1966 reached 3.923 units in 2016. Accordingly, the volume of chemical merchandise carried by sea was 132 million tons in 1996, but it reached 287 million tons in 2016. According to the order books, it is understood that these figures will increase even more. The increase in the number of tankers and the growth of the capacities means that more chemical substances are transported at the same time and the tonnage of the chemical waste discharged to the sea is also on increase. Based on the scientific background which proves that chemicals cause biological accumulation and acute and chronic toxicity on aquatic life, and the results of chemical tanker development over the last 20 years that has been presented; It is necessary for maritime authorities to reconsider the legal arrangements for allowing chemical tankers to discharge chemical wastes from tank washing waters to the sea.