效用函数在工程成本风险预测中的构建

分析风险预测准确程度进行评价的意义,提出了将风险可预测性作为风险预测准确程度的评价指标,并以效应理论为基础构造风险可预测性效用函数,实现了风险预测结果的评价,验证了风险预测的准确性和可靠性.     

高校负债的无奈和风险

随着我国高等教育的快速发展,只依靠政府的拨款已经不能满足高校对资金的需求,从各种渠道获得发展资金,特别是从金融机构获得贷款,解决了高校发展中的许多实际困难。然而,盲目扩大贷款规模,必将给学校带来严重的财务危机,带来风险,高校扩招与贷款正在形成恶性循环。     

驾驶行为与驾驶风险国际研究进展

驾驶人在驾驶车辆的过程中总会面临由自身或外界条件所带来的或高或低的风险,即驾驶风险,通过对驾驶风险进行识别、分析及评估是对风险进行管理的有效对策,明确由人为因素（即驾驶人个体特征及驾驶行为）所带来的驾驶风险并对驾驶人进行安全管理尤为重要。为了全面了解各类危险驾驶行为和各种驾驶人群体的驾驶风险行为研究进展,对驾驶风险领域重点问题进行了总体概述。从驾驶人个体特征及驾驶行为的角度出发,探究了驾驶风险领域目前的研究现状,并利用科学知识图谱展示驾驶风险领域研究的发展进程与结构关系。通过Web of Science核心合集数据库获取了3 406篇在1986~2020年（截至2020年2月29日）间出版的驾驶风险研究相关英文文献,共涵盖8 684位作者及6 018个关键词,基于科学知识图谱对该领域文献进行梳理与分析。结果表明：驾驶风险领域的国外研究在驾驶人选择方面主要从年轻驾驶人、老年驾驶人、新手驾驶人及职业驾驶人的角度进行切入,重点围绕酒驾、药驾、分心驾驶及疲劳驾驶等主题开展研究。与国外研究相比,中国在分心驾驶、疲劳驾驶领域的研究相对丰富,而针对酒驾、药驾的研究试验手段较为单一,研究不够全面;在研究对象的选取上,有必要进一步增加老年驾驶人及新手驾驶人的深入研究,包括老年驾驶人适驾性评估与教育培训,以及新手驾驶人驾照分级制度的可行性探索。在研究方法方面,国外常见研究方法包括问卷调查、驾驶模拟器试验、实车试验以及自然驾驶研究等,而中国在自然驾驶研究领域尚未充分开发利用;未来应考虑多种方法相结合并从不同角度促进对驾驶行为及驾驶风险的全面理解。     

基于线性路径跟踪控制的换道避撞控制策略研究

为实现车辆自主避撞,改善道路交通安全状况,提出一种基于线性路径跟踪控制的换道避撞控制策略。为实时确定制动和换道时机,获取跟车状态下自车和前车车速、加速度、相对距离以及驾驶人制动反应时间计算制动安全距离和换道安全距离,并在此基础上分别引入制动危险系数B和换道危险系数S评估制动与换道风险,使得车辆发生追尾碰撞的危险程度和主动干预阈值更直观。根据车辆期望横向加速度和期望横向位移的变化特性,采用5次多项式法规划符合驾驶人换道避撞特性的避撞路径。为保证换道避撞过程中驾驶人的安全舒适,采用最大横向加速度约束换道避撞轨迹。为实现对换道避撞路径的线性跟踪控制,保证车辆的操纵稳定性和横摆稳定性,基于车辆稳态动力学模型建立前馈控制,结合线性反馈控制消除换道路径的位置和横摆角偏差,修正参考路径实现直车道场景追尾避撞控制。仿真和实车交叉验证试验表明：根据车辆期望横向加速度和期望横向位移建立的符合驾驶人换道避撞特性的五次多项式换道路径与驾驶人实际换道避撞路径基本吻合,结合碰撞时间和车间时距的制动避撞控制策略能够在保证车辆行驶安全舒适性的同时有效避免车辆追尾碰撞,减少交通事故的发生。     

Vehicle mass as a determinant of fuel consumption and secondary safety performance

One interaction between environmental and safety goals in transport is found within the vehicle fleet where fuel economy and secondary safety performance of individual vehicles impose conflicting requirements on vehicle mass from an individual’s perspective. Fleet characteristics influence the relationship between the environmental and safety outcomes of the fleet; the topic of this paper. Cross-sectional analysis of mass within the British fleet is used to estimate the partial effects of mass on the fuel consumption and secondary safety performance of vehicles. The results confirmed that fuel consumption increases as mass increases and is different for different combinations of fuel and transmission types. Additionally, increasing vehicle mass generally decreases the risk of injury to the driver of a given vehicle in the event of a crash. However, this relationship depends on the characteristics of the vehicle fleet, and in particular, is affected by changes in mass distribution within the fleet. We confirm that there is generally a trade-off in vehicle design between fuel economy and secondary safety performance imposed by mass. Cross-comparison of makes and models by model-specific effects reveal cases where this trade-off exists in other aspects of design. Although it is shown that mass imposes a trade-off in vehicle design between safety and fuel use, this does not necessarily mean that it imposes a trade-off between safety and environmental goals in the vehicle fleet as a whole because the secondary safety performance of a vehicle depends on both its own mass and the mass of the other vehicles with which it collides.     

工程总承包模式下项目业主风险防范探讨

文章结合工程总承包的特点,分析了工程总承包模式下项目业主在项目实施过程中所面临的风险,提出了相应的防范风险的措施。     

高埋深软硬岩互层地质条件下敞开式TBM岩爆段施工方法研究

基于喜马拉雅山区域某软硬岩性互层地质条件下的深埋隧洞工程,为解决该区域TBM施工过程中的岩爆问题,统计分析了TBM施工过程中的岩爆特征;在施工过程中开展了多种岩爆规避试验,形成了一套较完整的有针对性的施工方法： 1）岩爆风险巡查常态化; 2）超前地质预报和超前处理措施相结合; 3）支护材料和支护方式合理化; 4）掘进参数动态调整。在后续的施工中加以应用,取得了较好的效果,可以为类似地质条件下的安全施工提供参考。     

Predictive power of inspection outcomes for future shipping accidents – an empirical appraisal with special attention for human factor aspects

This paper investigates whether deficiencies detected during port state control (PSC) inspections have predictive power for future accident risk, in addition to other vessel-specific risk factors like ship type, age, size, flag, and owner. The empirical analysis links accidents to past inspection outcomes and is based on data from all around the globe of PSC regimes using harmonized deficiency codes. These codes are aggregated into eight groups related to human factor aspects like crew qualifications, working and living conditions, and fatigue and safety management. This information is integrated by principal components into a single overall deficiency index, which is related to future accident risk by means of logit models. The factor by which accident risk increases for vessels with above average compared to below average deficiency scores is about 6 for total loss, 2 for very serious, 1.5 for serious, and 1.3 for less-serious accidents. Relations between deficiency scores and accident risk are presented in graphical format. The results may be of interest to PSC authorities for targeting inspection areas, to maritime administrations for improving asset allocation based on prediction scenarios connected with vessel traffic data, and to maritime insurers for refining their premium strategies.     

安全水平法在SOLAS 救生艇结构强度衡准制定中的应用

本文将安全水平法应用于SOLAS第III章救生艇结构强度衡准的制定。主要采用综合安全评估对救生艇结构强度相关的功能性要求进行衡准的初步制定,从而得出需要的安全水平。基于强度衡准理论分析、实艇试验和事故数据分析相结合的方式评估了现有救生艇结构强度的安全水平,对衡准的合理性提出修改的建议。研究结果为安全水平法在船舶技术标准制定和安全水平评估方面的应用提供了实际案例和使用建议。     

Predicting queue variability to enable analysis of overload risk

ABSTRACT

Predicting the risk of traffic demands and delays exceeding critical limits at road junctions, airports, hospitals, etc., requires knowing how both mean and variance of queue size vary over time. Microscopic simulation can explore variability but is computationally demanding and gives only sample results. A computationally efficient approximation to the mean is used in many modelling tools, but only empirical extensions for variance in particular situations have been available. The paper derives theoretical formulae for time-dependent and equilibrium variance, believed to be novel and to apply generally to queues covered by the Pollaczek–Khinchin mean formula, and offering possible structural insights. These are applied in an extended approximation giving mutually consistent mean and variance estimates with improved accuracy. Tests on oversaturated peak demand cases are compared with Markov probabilistic simulation, demonstrating accuracy (R^2?>?0.99) for typical random, priority-like (M/M/1) and traffic-signal-like (M/D/1) queues. Implications for risk analysis, planning and policy are considered.