From Twitter to detector: Real-time traffic incident detection using social media data

The effectiveness of traditional incident detection is often limited by sparse sensor coverage, and reporting incidents to emergency response systems is labor-intensive. We propose to mine tweet texts to extract incident information on both highways and arterials as an efficient and cost-effective alternative to existing data sources. This paper presents a methodology to crawl, process and filter tweets that are accessible by the public for free. Tweets are acquired from Twitter using the REST API in real time. The process of adaptive data acquisition establishes a dictionary of important keywords and their combinations that can imply traffic incidents (TI). A tweet is then mapped into a high dimensional binary vector in a feature space formed by the dictionary, and classified into either TI related or not. All the TI tweets are then geocoded to determine their locations, and further classified into one of the five incident categories.We apply the methodology in two regions, the Pittsburgh and Philadelphia Metropolitan Areas. Overall, mining tweets holds great potentials to complement existing traffic incident data in a very cheap way. A small sample of tweets acquired from the Twitter API cover most of the incidents reported in the existing data set, and additional incidents can be identified through analyzing tweets text. Twitter also provides ample additional information with a reasonable coverage on arterials. A tweet that is related to TI and geocodable accounts for approximately 5% of all the acquired tweets. Of those geocodable TI tweets, 60–70% are posted by influential users (IU), namely public Twitter accounts mostly owned by public agencies and media, while the rest is contributed by individual users. There is more incident information provided by Twitter on weekends than on weekdays. Within the same day, both individuals and IUs tend to report incidents more frequently during the day time than at night, especially during traffic peak hours. Individual tweets are more likely to report incidents near the center of a city, and the volume of information significantly decays outwards from the center.     

Efficient multiple model particle filtering for joint traffic state estimation and incident detection

This article proposes an efficient multiple model particle filter (EMMPF) to solve the problems of traffic state estimation and incident detection, which requires significantly less computation time compared to existing multiple model nonlinear filters. To incorporate the on ramps and off ramps on the highway, junction solvers for a traffic flow model with incident dynamics are developed. The effectiveness of the proposed EMMPF is assessed using a benchmark hybrid state estimation problem, and using synthetic traffic data generated by a micro-simulation software. Then, the traffic estimation framework is implemented using field data collected on Interstate 880 in California. The results show the EMMPF is capable of estimating the traffic state and detecting incidents and requires an order of magnitude less computation time compared to existing algorithms, especially when the hybrid system has a large number of rare models.     

一种基于时分复用的卫星接收机结构

提出一种星载接收机结构方案。在接收机数量少于星载阵列天线阵元数的条件下,基于较少数量的接收机实现全部阵元输出信号的接收处理。阵列天线划分为虚拟子阵列,基于时分复用工作方式,通过程控交换矩阵与接收机连接,接收机对不同虚拟子阵列天线输出信号分时进行接收处理。给出了接收机结构框图、工作原理和性能仿真结果。     

铁路信号楼搬迁引起的通信系统改造方案探讨

随着铁路的发展,新建、改建铁路不断增多,一些既有铁路信号楼需要搬迁。针对信号楼搬迁引起的通信系统改造方案进行介绍,重点阐述通信系统改造开通前的准备和试验流程。     

Understanding the impacts of a combination of service improvement strategies on bus running time and passenger’s perception

Transit agencies implement many strategies in order to provide an attractive transportation service. This article aims to evaluate the impacts of implementing a combination of strategies, designed to improve the bus transit service, on running time and passenger satisfaction. These strategies include using smart card fare collection, introducing limited-stop bus service, implementing reserved bus lanes, using articulated buses, and implementing transit signal priority (TSP). This study uses stop-level data collected from the Société de transport de Montréal (STM)’s automatic vehicle location (AVL) and automatic passenger count (APC) systems, in Montréal, Canada. The combination of these strategies has lead to a 10.5% decline in running time along the limited stop service compared to the regular service. The regular route running time has increased by 1% on average compared to the initial time period. The study also shows that riders are generally satisfied with the service improvements. They tend to overestimate the savings associated with the implementation of this combination of strategies by 3.5-6.0 min and by 2.5-4.1 min for both the regular route and the limited stop service, respectively. This study helps transit planners and policy makers to better understand the effects of implementing a combination of strategies to improve running time and passenger’s perception of these changes in service.     

超声波流量计在输油管道泄漏监测系统中的应用

为提高负压波法管道泄漏监测系统的报警可靠性,有必要将超声波流量信息引入管道泄漏监测系统。为保证管道泄漏监测系统中超声波流量计的应用效果,分析了超声波流量计的测量原理和测量精度影响因素,总结了输油管道超声波流量计在选型设计、现场安装及运行维护等方面的应用经验。开展了基于超声波流量计的管道泄漏监测技术的现场应用测试和结果分析,测试结果表明超声波流量计对提升管道泄漏监测系统报警可靠性具有显著作用。     

Probabilistic multi-aircraft conflict detection approach for trajectory-based operation

Conflict detection (CD) is one of the key functions used to ensure air transport safety and efficiency. In trajectory-based operation (TBO), aircraft are provided with more flexibility in en route trajectory planning and more responsibility for self-separation. The high flexibility in trajectory planning enables random changes in pilot intent, thus increasing the uncertainty in trajectory prediction and CD. This study proposes a novel probabilistic CD approach for TBO in which the uncertainty of pilot intent is taken into account by quantifying the aircraft reachable domain constrained by the flight plan. First, a probabilistic model for aircraft trajectory prediction is developed using the truncated Brownian bridge method. Based on this model, a novel conflict probability estimation method is developed. Finally, the performance of the proposed probabilistic CD approach is demonstrated through an illustrative air traffic scenario.     

关于容许信号点灯电路的探讨

通过对现有自动闭塞区间通过信号机容许信号点灯电路存在问题的分析，根据相关规范，提出解决办法。     

高性能声学通用信号调理器设计

介绍了一种适宜水声接收用的高性能通用信号调理器的设计思路。给出了信号调理器原理框图和电路图，对其中的前置放大器、可编程放大器、混频器、集成有源滤波器、检波器、可编程微控制器等各单元及整体设计方法进行了阐述。     

不同信号过渡方式对交叉口驾驶行为选择的影响

为掌握黄灯、绿闪和倒计时等不同信号过渡方式对驾驶行为选择的影响,通过对驾驶人黄灯期间交叉口驾驶行为决策过程及其因素的分析,采用现场视频摄录观测方法,对苏锡常地区的若干信号交叉口黄灯期间的机动车驾驶行为选择进行深度调查,对比了闯黄灯车辆行驶速度和初始位置,分析了前3辆机动车的驾驶行为选择.结果表明,信号交叉口采用绿闪和倒计时提示对驾驶行为选择影响较大,其闯黄灯行为发生率明显低于黄灯提示方式,但是倒计时提示会诱发机动车驾驶人加速通过交叉口并增加安全隐患.