On the existence of stationary states in general road networks

Our daily driving experience and empirical observations suggest that traffic patterns in a road network are relatively stationary during peak periods. In numerous transportation network studies, there has been an implicit conjecture that stationary states exist in a network when origin demands, route choice proportions, and destination supplies are constant. In this study, we first rigorously formulate the conjecture within the framework of a network kinematic wave theory with an invariant junction model. After defining stationary states, we derive a system of algebraic equations in 3-tuples of stationary link flow-rates, demands, and supplies. We then introduce a new definition of junction critical demand levels based on effective demands and supplies. With a map in critical demand levels, we show that its fixed points and, therefore, stationary states exist with the help of Brouwer’s fixed point theorem. For two simple road networks, we show that the map is well-defined and can be used to solve stationary states with a brute-force method. Finally we summarize the study and present some future extensions and applications.     

重庆观音桥商圈单循环交通适应性分析

采用单向交通是解决城市交通拥挤最为常见的一种有效交通组织方式。重庆观音桥商圈单循环从运行初期到现在不断加剧的交通拥堵,一直支撑着商圈的经济社会发展。首先对单向交通的普适性、观音桥商圈单循环特殊性进行分析,然后从道路网密度、道路网结构、交通流组织3个方面论证分析观音桥商圈地区不适宜单向交通组织。     

Estimation of the response of a deeply immersed cylinder to the shock wave generated by an underwater explosion

The work presented in this paper is focused on the development of a simplified method to study the structural response of a deeply immersed cylinder subjected to the primary shock wave generated by an underwater explosion. The proposed analytical model is based on the string-on-foundation method initially developed by Hoo Fatt and Wierzbicki, who converted the two dimensional boundary value problem of a cylindrical shell to an equivalent one-dimensional problem of a plastic string on a plastic foundation. This method has already been extended by the authors to study the shock wave response of an unstiffened cylinder immersed in shallow water. The present work focuses on deep-immersed cylinders subjected to both high hydrostatic pressure and explosion shock wave. The elastic deformation energy of the cylinder under hydrostatic pressure is first calculated and used to determine the initial conditions of the dynamic problem. Cylinder deflection and plastic deformation energy are then calculated for various immersion depths. When confronted to numerical results, the proposed model appears to underestimate the increase of deflection and absorbed energy with the immersion depth. A thorough analysis of the results post-processed from Ls-Dyna/USA finite element simulations highlights a new mechanism which is due to the action of hydrostatic pressure that continues to push inward the immersed cylinder. In order to improve the analytical model, a correction factor on the hydrostatic pressure is introduced but it is finally concluded that a new mechanism dedicated to the late action of the hydrostatic pressure still needs to be developed.     

高速铁路轨道平顺性静态长弦测量矢距差法数学模型推导及特性分析

我国高速铁路采用从德国引进的矢距差法对轨道长波不平顺进行静态管理,并在实际应用中对测量方法进行了简化。本文通过理论推导,分析矢距差法及简化矢距差法的检测原理和特性。矢距差法测量结果受测弦起算点的影响,且传递函数与起算点位置及轨道不平顺波长有关;简化矢距差法测量结果只受轨道不平顺波长的影响,计算可控性优于矢距差法;当路基出现较大局部不均匀变形时,矢距差法和简化矢距差法在评判结果上相差很大,不宜用简化矢距差法;对比检测原理与实际检测结果表明,这2种方法与车体加速度响应匹配性较差,在目前的验收管理限值下并不适用于直接对运营期高速铁路长波不平顺进行评价。     

缓波型柔性立管构型优化及敏感性分析

针对缓波型柔性立管存在的波型较陡和浮子段张力较大的问题,对其进行优化,将单波构型优化为双波构型,运用集中质量法对改进前后的2种结构形式进行分析,确认双波构型在静力和动力响应下的张力及弯曲特性更优。在此基础上,对双波型柔性立管进行敏感性分析。在静力状态下,悬挂点和第2段浮子段末端对浮子段间隔和浮子段长度敏感;在动力响应下,悬挂段到第1段浮子段的张力变化和最小弯曲半径对浮子段间隔和大悬挂角非常敏感。研究得到的敏感性参数结论可作为缓波型柔性立管总体布置设计的参考。为提升缓波型柔性立管的性能,可合理增加浮子段与浮子段的间隔和悬挂角,但同时要满足规范的要求,避免关键部位动力响应过大。     

波浪与潮汐耦合模拟技术研究

波浪与潮汐耦合模拟技术相关研究,可为沿海防灾体系建设、灾害评估、预警及应对等提供技术支撑,对预防和减轻沿海台风暴潮和台风浪灾害具有重要的意义。回顾风暴潮和波浪物理模型试验的研究成果,分析波浪与潮汐耦合模拟的最新研究进展和发展趋势,通过将连续的风暴潮水位变化过程与加密离散后的波浪过程进行叠加,用造波机和生潮设备连续生潮造波的方法,在水槽中实现了潮位和波浪的同步变化,从而在实验室中实现波浪与潮汐的耦合模拟,并将之应用于模拟实例。     

直墙式码头前沿顶高程计算方法

中国港口工程设计规范中码头面高程可按上水标准确定直墙式码头前沿顶高程。而在英美等国外设计标准中,提出码头面高程应考虑设计水位、装卸设备安全作业、淹没程度等因素,综合分析确定码头面高程,其中码头面受淹没的影响程度应为主要考虑因素。以平均越浪量作为码头面淹没影响程度判断标准,介绍码头前沿平均越浪量的计算方法,并依此提出直墙式码头面高程计算方法,同时与国内外规范中的计算方法进行比较分析。该方法对同类别的码头设计具有实际参考意义,同时对码头使用营运安全标准的把控也有参考意义。     

中、英、美规范计算小尺寸桩(柱)波浪荷载的对比

为了研究中、英、美规范关于小尺寸桩(柱)的波浪荷载计算方法的异同点,针对港口工程中桩基结构的特点和实际项目中的波浪条件,通过不同的案例,对影响计算结果的各因素进行敏感性分析。结果表明,中、英、美规范中,计算小尺寸桩(柱)波浪荷载的基本原理相同,均采用Morison方程; 3种规范计算结果的变化规律基本一致;波浪计算理论、惯性力系数CM的取值、海洋生物影响及群桩效应考虑与否,是导致计算结果存在差异的主要原因。     

国内外斜坡式防波堤越浪量计算方法比较

国内外斜坡式防波堤越浪量计算方法不同,选择合适的计算方法来准确计算与评估斜坡式防波堤越浪量非常必要。依托某海外集装箱码头扩建项目防波堤工程,详细介绍了国内外常用的防波堤越浪量计算方法,并结合2D防波堤越浪量物理模型试验,就各个计算方法计算值与试验结果进行了比较分析。结果显示:欧标中EurOtop (2016)在计算斜坡堤越浪量时具有更好的适应性,平均值方法较试验值偏小、设计评估方法较试验值偏大;而美国CEM方法和日本OCDI方法与试验结果相差较大。研究结果可为斜坡式防波堤设计与施工期安全评估提供参考。     

含惯性摆发电装置之浮标的水动力分析

文章利用拉格朗日方程推导了含惯性摆波能发电装置之浮标在规则波作用下的七自由度运动方程。为了验证所推导公式的正确性,制作了一个物理模型,并对无负载阻尼工况在水槽中进行了模型试验。借助商业软件AQWA-LINE计算浮标的附加质量、辐射阻尼系数及波浪扰动力。利用文中推导的方程,计算了浮标及摆锤的运动响应,并将理论计算得到的结果与实验结果进行了比较。最后,分析了负载阻尼系数对浮标纵摇运动、摆锤纵摇运动、摆锤相对纵摇运动及波能转换效率的影响。