西安地区798名50岁以上人员皮肤情况调查

本文报告西安地区798名50岁以上人员皮肤情况的调查,发现皮肤衰老表现以老年疣最多,占37.96％。其次是点状血管瘤,点状白斑,脱发,皮肤干燥及指甲纵嵴。在这些人员中皮肤病的发病情况,共检出各种皮肤病27种,以感染性皮肤病多见。色素性紫癜性苔癣样皮炎,过去一直认为系少见病。这次调查发现7例(0.8％),发病机理恰与老年皮肤变化相似,故我们认为该病也是一种老年血管性皮肤病。     

Sideslip angle estimation based on input–output linearisation with tire–road friction adaptation

An adaptive sideslip angle observer considering tire–road friction adaptation is proposed in this paper. The single-track vehicle model with nonlinear tire characteristics is adopted. The tire parameters can be easily obtained through road test data without using special test rigs. Afterwards, this model is reconstructed and a high-gain observer (HGO) based on input–output linearisation is derived. The observer stability is analysed. Experimental results have confirmed that the HGO has a better computational efficiency with the same accuracy when compared with the extended Kalman filter and the Luenberger observer. Finally, a road friction adaptive algorithm based on vehicle lateral dynamics is proposed and validated through driving simulator data. As long as the tires work in the nonlinear region, the maximal friction coefficient could be estimated. This algorithm has excellent portability and is also suitable for other observers.     

Effective assessment of tyre–road friction coefficient using a hybrid estimator

Vehicle stability and active safety control depend heavily on tyre forces available on each wheel of a vehicle. Since tyre forces are strongly affected by the tyre–road friction coefficient, it is crucial to optimise the use of the adhesion limits of the tyres. This study presents a hybrid method to identify the road friction limitation; it contributes significantly to active vehicle safety. A hybrid estimator is developed based on the three degrees-of-freedom vehicle model, which considers longitudinal, lateral and yaw motions. The proposed hybrid estimator includes two sub-estimators: one is the vehicle state information estimator using the unscented Kalman filter and another is the integrated road friction estimator. By connecting two sub-estimators simultaneously, the proposed algorithm can effectively estimate the road friction coefficient. The performance of the proposed estimation algorithm is validated in CarSim/Matlab co-simulation environment under three different road conditions (high-μ, low-μ and mixed-μ). Simulation results show that the proposed estimator can assess vehicle states and road friction coefficient with good accuracy.     

The mechanisms involved during the wet braking of new and worn tires

ABSTRACT

Tires are used by the customers during several tens of thousands of kilometres, and before their replacement, the driver will encounter a continuous variation of tread depth due to the tire wearing. Although the wet braking labelling demonstrates the performance of the tire in the new stage, it is known that the wet traction evolves with tire wear. In this paper, an in-depth comparison of the wet grip performance of new and worn tires will be conducted, based on the regulatory wet braking test. For this purpose, we propose an original approach to analyse braking test results, which allows breaking down and quantifying the relative importance of the mechanisms involved during this test. This study demonstrates that two main mechanisms are taking place during the entire test: rubber friction and hydroplaning mechanisms. The µ value obtained at low speeds reflects the friction potential of the tested tires while the decline of performance at higher speeds is attributed to hydroplaning mechanisms. This analysis is conducted on numerous tires and demonstrates that current regulatory test applied on new tires is focussing mainly on the rubber friction mechanism. The same test applied on worn tires exhibits both rubber friction and hydroplaning mechanisms. The mechanisms decomposition shows that the source of the performance decline from new to worn status varies greatly, some tires having most of their performance loss due to hydroplaning, some others due to rubber friction drop.     

预应力混凝土连续曲线箱梁预应力效应分析

曲线箱形梁桥是空间复杂受力结构体系,预应力钢束产生的径向分布力是预应力混凝土曲线箱梁产生扭矩的主要原因之一。采用组合有限元法和简化方法分析曲线箱梁中预应力所产生的效应,得出预应力作用产生的内力和变形的变化趋势,为进一步完善曲线预应力混凝土箱梁桥的设计提供了依据。     

海洋内波的红外成像机理—冷表皮剪切模型

海洋内波是海洋中常见的现象,与表面波一样是海洋中的一种重要动力形式,其表面流场的辐散辐聚会引起海表温度的微弱变化,文章通过冷表皮剪切模型阐述了海洋内波表面流场调制海表温度的具体物理机制,并对现有冷表皮剪切模型进行改进,使其仿真结果与海上实验所得海表温度波动量级一致。最终通过海上实验验证,结果表明改进的冷表皮剪切模型是可信的。     

多因素影响下顶管施工引起土体变形计算研究

为解决圆形顶管施工穿越特殊地层(如下穿切割塑料排水板)时引起地层变形的影响分析等问题,考虑刀盘挤土效应产生的正面附加压力、顶管与土体之间非均匀分布的侧向摩擦力,因塑料排水管的切削而不能忽略的顶管机刀盘的正面摩擦力引起的地层变形,基于Mindlin解得到在顶管施工阶段地表竖向位移计算公式;最后结合顶管工程项目实例验证计算方法的合理性,并与实测结果对比。分析结果表明:考虑多因素共同影响的地表沉降曲线与现场实测值较为吻合,能够反映顶管顶进过程中纵向地表沉降规律,总体表现为先隆起后沉降。沉降最大值位于开挖面后方8 m左右处;隆起最大值位于开挖面前方5 m左右处。在本文所考虑的影响因素中,影响程度最大的是顶管刀盘的正面附加推力,在沉降变形最大值中占比约为80%,在隆起变形最大值中占比约为56%。选取不同断面分析对比不同深度处土体沉降情况,沉降突变及差异主要表现在顶管轴线两侧12 m范围内。沉降槽曲线近似服从正态分布,不同土层深度的土体沉降最大值均位于顶管轴线正下方。在土体深层沉降中,随着与顶管轴线距离的增加,曲线不再满足随着深度的增加沉降值增大,反而在距离轴线4~6 m远处出现反转,直至随着深度的增加沉降值反而减小。     

考虑走滑断裂活动影响的公路隧道初始地应力场反演分析

为了使跨活动断裂带区域地应力反演结果更加符合实际，提出了考虑走滑断裂活动影响的公路隧道初始地应力场反演思路。通过在断裂带与两侧岩体之间建立接触单元，采用边界位移荷载实现了断裂带两侧岩体的相对挤压及滑动作用。依托华坪至丽江高速公路东马场1号隧道工程，对比分析了采用常规边界荷载和考虑走滑边界荷载2种情况下隧址区地应力场的反演结果。研究结果表明:考虑走滑边界荷载反演得到的地应力场更加符合实际且精度更高；常规边界荷载的最大残差为2.29 MPa，而走滑边界荷载的最大残差仅为0.66 MPa，其残差平方和也均小于常规边界荷载；在断裂带附近，考虑走滑活动影响的最大、最小水平应力值相对常规边界均有所减小，上盘岩体垂直应力也相对减小，下盘岩体受上盘岩体的影响垂直应力相对增大，符合跨断层岩体区域实际地应力场的分布规律；隧址区整体表现为水平应力大于垂直应力，以水平构造应力为主。     

Research on the pipeline walking caused by cyclic increasing soil friction for free deep-sea submarine pipelines laid on even seabed

Pipelines are important to offshore oil and gas development, but suffers from the pipeline walking phenomenon due to cyclic temperature variations—where large axial walking distances threaten the safety of pipeline systems. Current research indicates that pipeline walking is triggered by steel catenary riser (SCR) tension, seabed slopes, or thermal transients. This paper proposes a new driving mechanism for the pipeline walking phenomenon, involving cyclic hardening soil strength. The finite element analysis method was adopted to analyse the soil friction difference induced walking phenomenon, and the influence of key parameters on the gain in soil friction on walking distance was studied. Pipeline walking distances under different drainage conditions in the heating and cooling processes were also calculated, and the impact of the degree of drainage in the heating process was determined. To better understand the new pipeline walking mechanism, theoretical analysis of the walking behaviour under different cyclic soil friction conditions was carried out. Analytical solutions for estimating the pipeline walking distance were also provided, based on the simplified theoretical analysis.     

自主神经功能检测对早期糖尿病自主神经功能损害的诊断价值

目的评价自主神经功能检测对早期糖尿病自主神经功能损害的诊断价值。方法50例2型糖尿病患者进行自主神经功能检查,即交感皮肤反应和心血管自主神经功能检测,并与30名健康人进行对比分析。结果糖尿病患者自主神经功能检测中交感皮肤反应,瓦氏比值和深呼吸时心率变异与对照组比较均有显著性差异(P<0.05),三者的异常率分别为70%,46%和50%;以交感皮肤反应的异常率最高,尤其以双下肢明显。立卧位血压差和冰水试验与对照组比较无显著性差异(P>0.05),其异常率分别为12%和16%。结论检测外周器官自主神经功能状态的方法中以交感皮肤反应的阳性率最高,可以作为检测早期糖尿病自主神经功能的常规筛选检查。