无线传感器网络三维覆盖策略研究

从覆盖面积和有效覆盖率2个方面评估了正三角形网格和正四边形网格的性能优劣.根据理论分析和公式推导,将三维区域完全覆盖问题转化为多个平面覆盖问题研究.采用性能较好的正三角形网格进行节点部署,从拓扑学的角度给出了一种三维区域完全覆盖的部署策略,提供了所需的最少节点数的数学表达式,进行了仿真验证.     

基于货物时间价值的物流网络最优配送路径模型研究

本文构建了物流配送网络中货物时间价值相关的最小配送费用路径模型,并研究了其算法。模型把整个配送过程分为运输过程和装卸过程,并且考虑了由于运输过程和装卸过程时间延迟造成的货物价值损失,这也是和其它类似成本路径模型最大的区别。该模型算法可以利用计算机自动完成,不受物流配送网络大小和节点的限制,并保证算法的正确性。     

《快速公交（BRT）智能系统技术要求》实施效果研究

《快速公交(BRT)智能系统技术要求》以朝阳路和安立路BRT智能系统的建设为出台的重要基础,在运营调度、乘客信息服务、路口信号优先、图像监控、电子设备等十三个方面执行效果良好,大大提高了BRT智能系统建设和运行维护质量,提升了系统运行效率.     

Online Prediction of Travel Time: Experience From a Pilot Trial

Abstract

This study was designed to present an online model which predicted travel times on an interurban two-lane two-way highway section on the basis of field measurements. The study included two parts: an evaluation of the performance of the model, and an examination of the possibility to improve the model in case of unsatisfactory performance. The model was based on MLP neural networks. The main results of the evaluation showed that the prediction model outperformed a non-predictive system. However, the model for one section had not performed as well during the trial period as was expected. This might be due to a slight change in the congestion phenomenon. After further development, the findings showed that the model could be improved considerably with new data. The main implication was that even a simple prediction model improves the quality of travel time information substantially, compared to estimates based directly on the latest measurements.     

A microeconomic interpretation for the system optimal traffic assignment problem with nonadditive path cost

Using a Bergson–Samuelson welfare function, we outline a microeconomic interpretation of the effects of the non-linearity in the time/cost relationship for travellers in a congested transport network. It is demonstrated that a marginal cost traffic flow assignment following Wardrop's second principle, although it minimizes the total cost of a transport network, may reduce social welfare compared to the market equilibrium assignment based on Wardrop's first principle. A welfare-maximizing assignment model is presented and used to show that if the travellers' utility functions are linear, the assignment that maximizes social welfare will be the same as the assignment that minimizes total network cost, but if users' utility functions are non-linear (reflecting the traditional non-satiation and diminishing marginal utility axioms), the two assignments will be different. It is further shown that the effects of this non-linearity are such that a welfare-maximizing assignment will meet with less user resistance than a minimum total network cost assignment.     

Modelling trip distribution with fuzzy and genetic fuzzy systems

This paper explores the potential capabilities of fuzzy and genetic fuzzy system approaches in urban trip distribution modelling with some new features. First, a simple fuzzy rule-based system (FRBS) and a novel genetic fuzzy rule-based system [GFRBS: a fuzzy system improved by a knowledge base learning process with genetic algorithms (GAs)] are designed to model intra-city passenger flows for Istanbul. Subsequently, their accuracy, applicability and generalizability characteristics are evaluated against the well-known gravity- and neural network (NN)-based trip distribution models. The overall results show that: traditional doubly constrained gravity models are still simple and efficient; NNs may not show expected performance when they are forced to satisfy trip constraints; simply-designed FRBSs, learning from observations and expertise, are both efficient and interpretable even if the data are large and noisy; and use of GAs in fuzzy rule-based learning considerably increases modelling performance, although it brings additional computation cost.     

Ground-truthing social vulnerability indices of Alaska fishing communities

Abstract

Community vulnerability is increasingly evaluated through quantitative social indices, typically developed using secondary data sources rather than primary data collection. It is necessary to understand the validity of these indices if they will be used to inform policy and decision making. This paper presents a ground-truthing effort to validate quantitative indices that characterize the well-being of Alaska fishing communities. We utilized ethnographic data collected from 13 representative communities and a capital assets framework to ground-truth the indices, in which qualitative ranks of vulnerability were compared against quantitative indices. The majority (73.8%) of ranks were in complete or moderate agreement and the results indicate that most of the indices are representative of community vulnerability; yet some variables utilized to create the indices could be modified to better reflect realities in Alaska. Indices of commercial fishery engagement and reliance appeared to be more reliable than socio-economic indicators, particularly for smaller fishing communities. We also confirmed that the indices do not capture political, or ecological factors that affect levels of community vulnerability. We conclude that quantitative indices of community vulnerability are useful rapid assessment tools; however, they should be validated, and complemented with ethnographic data prior to their implementation as policy making and management tools.     

基于韧性最优的灾后公路网修复调度研究

为有效修复灾后公路网的受损路段从而加快恢复路网畅通,研究以韧性最优为目标的灾后公路网修复调度问题。首先,采用交通需求满足率表示路网性能,并构建路网性能韧性和恢复速度韧性评价指标。其次,构建基于韧性最优的修复调度双层规划模型,其中上层模型是多目标混合整数规划模型,用以确定修复路段的选择和修复先后顺序,下层模型为日变交通流分配模型,模拟修复期间的路网交通流动态演变。然后,采用禁忌搜索算法和Frank-Wolfe算法分别求解上层模型和下层模型,并通过循环迭代得到模型最优解。最后,通过案例分析验证模型和算法的有效性。研究结果表明:在一定数量的修复资金和抢修队约束下,该模型得到的最优修复调度方案能最大限度地提升路网韧性,并且在修复过程中,只有当受灾区域内某线路中的所有受损路段均完成修复后,路网性能才开始呈阶梯式上升,并且路网性能的提升速度表现为先慢后快。对不同参数的敏感性分析表明:修复预算的增加使路网性能韧性和恢复速度韧性分别以15.65%和17.72%的平均速度增长和降低,但当修复预算超过1 800万元后,只增加修复预算不一定能获取更优的修复调度方案;当决策者偏好系数变化时,路网的性能韧性和恢复速度韧性具有相反的变化趋势,且2个韧性指标的平均变化率分别为5.96%和4.48%;增加抢修队数量可提升路网的性能韧性和恢复速度韧性,但增加抢修队数量所产生的边际效益逐步降低,分别由0.11和0.43降至0.01和0.02。     

单向通道行人-自行车混合流建模及自组织现象研究

行人和自行车混合行驶是一种常见的非机动车交通组织方式,然而目前对于其混合流动力学的研究十分有限。本文基于社会力模型,提出一种面向行人-自行车混合流的混合流社会力模型(MFSF)解析行人-自行车混合流的运动机理,修正了以往研究中的自行车模型,通过实际道路上行人和自行车混合流的观测数据校准模型,构建仿真平台,最后使用仿真平台重现单向道路中行人和骑行者的自组织现象。根据仿真结果与实测数据流量-密度基本图的对比分析,验证了 MFSF模型的真实性和有效性,并可以看出,MFSF模型可以再现行人和自行车混合流的自组织现象。当行人与骑车者的比例相同时,行人和骑车者的密度越低,骑车者的车道宽度变化就越小;当行人与自行车比例变化时,骑行者的比例越大,骑行者占用的道路越宽,且骑行者的车道宽度越不稳定;如果行人输入显著减少,则自行车者车道宽度显著增加。