Controls on stratification in the Rhine ROFI system

Stratification in the Rhine ROFI is very variable; the mean water column stability is controlled by the combined effect of tidal, wind and wave stirring which, at times, brings about complete vertical homogeneity. Control by the mixing variables has been elucidated by a regression analysis of mean stratification on the components of the windstress and significant wave height. There is strong partial correlation with all three variables which explains between 56% and 65% of the variance in two time series of observations in October 1990 and September 1992, respectively. During periods of low stirring the water column was observed to re-stratify over the whole inshore region through the relaxation of the horizontal gradients under gravity and with the influence of rotation. Superimposed on the mean stratification there is strong semi-diurnal variation, occurring throughout the stratified region at times of reduced mixing. The amplitude of this semi-diurnal variation is of the same order as the mean stability and frequently results in conditions being mixed or nearly mixed once per tide. This semi-diurnal variation results primarily from cross-shore tidal straining which interacts with the main density gradient to induce stratification. The hypothesis that water column stability is controlled by the combination of these processes has been tested using a reduced physics model which has been successful in reproducing the main features of both the mean and semi-diurnal components of stratification.     

甲醇发动机缸内EGR分层的研究

针对一台具有螺旋进气道的点火式甲醇发动机,采用进气道加装EGR管的方式实现了EGR和新鲜充量的分开引入。应用CFD仿真软件Fire模拟了不同EGR通入时间、不同燃烧室凹坑形状等对EGR分层的影响。结果显示,加装EGR管能够实现EGR的分层,EGR的通入时长和燃烧室凹坑形状都对EGR的分层产生影响。当燃烧室凹坑形状为浅圆柱型、新鲜充量的通入压力为100kPa、EGR通入压力为160kPa时,在300°BTDC(压缩上止点前)停止通入,能够形成火花塞周围EGR浓度低、越远离燃烧室顶部EGR浓度越高的EGR分层结构。同时,在保证EGR率和燃油消耗量相同条件下,通过改变点火提前角,分析分层EGR和均质EGR对甲醇发动机缸内燃烧的影响。分层EGR能有效地提高缸压峰值、缩短燃烧滞燃期、提前燃烧始点,有利于发动机缸内燃烧的改善。     

浅基岩地区轨道交通地质分层系统研究

文章对岩石和土的分类方法进行了总结与分析,对于岩体,采用岩石的风化程度进行工程地质分层,既能体现地质规律,又能很好地结合工程应用,文中共划分了残积土、全风化岩、强风化岩、中等风化岩和微风化岩共5个主层。对于土层,土的地质年代对土的工程性质影响较大,共划分了人工填土、新近沉积土、一般沉积土共3个主层。浅基岩地区工程地质分层可采用"九分法",即工程地质分层中的主层仅采用9个,既可符合地质规律,又易于工程使用,并以福州轨道交通2号线为例进行说明。     

长江口南支南港的北槽枯季水体中混合、层化与潮汐应变*

2010年1月1日至10日在长江口南支南港北槽航道弯道段内3个水文测站位CS1、CSW和CS8,观测得到大、中、 小潮的潮位、流速、盐度和含沙量的时间序列。这些资料揭示了由盐度和含沙量引起的垂向层化的大、小潮和涨、落潮的 潮周期变化特性。为定量了解航道弯道段水体的垂向混合程度,采用考虑含沙量后的水体密度来估算其梯度Richardson数 (Ri)。在转流时刻,CS1和CSW站位的量级为101 ~ 102,水体呈现层化状态;在涨急、落急时,Ri量级为10-2 ~ 10-1,水体呈 现强混合状态。CS8站位涨潮时的Ri在0.25~5,落潮时平均为10-2量级。3个水文测站位,涨潮时的层化均强于落潮时;大潮 时的层化程度最强,而小潮时的层化持续时间最长; 均存在潮汐应变的现象,且以非持久性的SIPS层化为主。采用Simpson 等[2]的公式,估算了长江口北槽航道弯道段内水体由河口环流、潮汐应变和潮汐搅动引起的势能变化率。潮汐应变是水体 层化的主要动力机制,而河口环流引起的势能变化率比潮汐应变和潮汐搅动引起的小102 ~ 103量级。     

Summer hypoxia adjacent to the Changjiang Estuary

Changjiang, the third largest runoff in the world, empties into the East China Sea from Shanghai, the fastest developing area of China. With the increasing nutrient load from the river, a severe hypoxia zone was found to about 2  10⁴ km². The mechanism of hypoxia formation adjacent to the Changjiang Estuary receives more and more attention from both scientists and managers. This paper discusses the relationship between hypoxia and the water masses, primary production, particulate material transport and the density stratification in these areas according to data obtained from a cruise in September, 2003. Hypoxia is formed by organic detritus decay. The particulate organisms do not mainly come from the Changjiang river, or from the dead algal deposed locally, but from the local benthic algae or particles advected from the south. Maintenance of hypoxia is due to the large density stratification caused by the significant salinity difference between the fresh plume and salty water from Taiwan Strait. This applies also to other estuaries with large runoff and rapid economic growth drainage, such as the Pearl River. It is suggested that the hypoxic zone here is much more sensitive than that outside Mississippi River. More cruises over different weather and tide conditions are needed to prove this hypothesis. Interdisciplinary research should be further developed in the future.     

铅酸电池的硫酸盐化

硫酸盐化是铅酸电池发明之初就出现并遗留至今的术语,它被用来解释和证实铅酸电池退化和失效的可能性.长期以来该词已经激励出许多解决硫酸盐化的治疗方法,我们可以根据详细而精确的机械模型来使"硫酸盐化"这种效应可视化,以避免所有与含有该词有联系的含义,这种机械模型对理解电池系统的正确操作和使用也是必要的.很明显,模型越好,理解越透彻.     

砂卵石地层撕裂刀布置对刮刀磨损的影响研究

研究目的:砂卵石地层空间分布不均、磨蚀性强,盾构在该类地层中开挖时经常出现掘进效率低、刀具磨损严重的情况,为实现砂卵石地层盾构安全高效掘进,开展撕裂刀布置对刮刀的磨损影响研究.本文以北京新机场线"磁一"区间工程为背景,根据区间砂卵石地层分布特征及刀具磨损的保护需要,对撕裂刀及刮刀进行分区、分层布置设计,提出三种组合布置...     

推进湾区交通物流一体化发展思路建议

为支撑湾区经济高质量发展，更好地服务于国家区域发展战略，基于交通物流与湾区发展的互动关系，分析了湾区经济发展对交通物流一体化发展的迫切需求，然后根据湾区交通物流一体化发展面临的形势要求，应用运输经济基础分析框架中的“产品-资源-网络”经济分析法和网络形态分层分析法，对交通物流资源进行了分类梳理。在此基础上，将湾区交通物流网络划分为设施网络层、信息装备层、服务组织层和政策体制层，从政府主动作为的角度讨论政府与其他层级之间的相互关系，给出了交通物流在规划统领、网络优化、信息共享、服务融合、政策协同等五个方面的发展思路，为各湾区结合自身实际，细化政策举措提供参考。     

掺加直投式高模量剂沥青混合料的合理层位

为研究掺加直投式高模量剂的沥青混合料的合理层位,通过有限元软件建立了路面结构模型,分析了三种沥青路面结构的竖向变形的层位变化规律,分析表明:直投式高模量改性剂掺加下面层后,面层的弯沉变形降低了9.47%,是掺加上面层结构弯沉降低速率的1.78倍,而且下面层的变形率由普通结构的67.8%减少至60.1%,下面层的变形贡献率得到大幅降低,说明下面层掺加高模量剂能有效地提高下面层的抗变形能力,增加下面层在抗竖向变形的基础作用,对于整个面层来说既减少了变形量,又增加了整体稳定性,是掺加直投式高模量剂的优先层位。     

The influence of different turbulence schemes on modelling primary production in a 1D coupled physical–biological model

A one-dimensional (1D) coupled physical–microbiological model has been applied to a site in the central North Sea. The impact of the choice of the turbulence closure scheme on the modelling the primary production has been investigated.The model was run with four different parameterisations of vertical mixing of heat, momentum and dissolved and suspended matters, using M2 tidal forcing and the hourly mean meteorological forcing of 1989 to reproduce the annual thermal structure and primary production. The four mixing parameterisations are: Level 2 turbulence closure scheme [Mellor, G.L., Yamada, T., 1974. A hierarchy of turbulence closure models for planetary boundary layers. J. Atmos. Sci. 31, 1791–1806; Mellor, G.L., Yamada, T., 1982. Development of a turbulence closure model for geophysical Fluid problems. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys. 20 (4) 851–875] using an explicit numerical scheme [Sharples, J., Tett, P., 1994. Modelling the effect of physical variability on the midwater chlorophyll maximum. J. Mar. Res. 52, 219–238]; a version of the Level 2.5 turbulence closure scheme [Galperin, B., Kantha, L.H., Hassid, S., Rosati, A., 1988. A quasi-equilibrium turbulent energy model for geophysical flows. J. Atmos. Sci. 45, 55–62; Ruddick, K.G., Deleersnijder, E., Luyten, P.J., Ozer, J., 1995. Haline stratification in the rhine/meuse freshwater plume: a 3D model sensitivity analysis. Cont. Shelf Res. 15 (13) 1597–1630] simplified to use an algebraic mixing length by Sharples and Simpson [Sharples, J., Simpson, J.H., 1995. Semidiurnal and longer period stability cycles in the Liverpool Bay region of freshwater influence. Cont. Shelf Res. 15, 295–313], also solved explicitly; the same simplified L2.5 scheme with an implicit numerical solution and modified vertical discretisation scheme [Annan, J.D., 1999. Numerical methods for the solution of the turbulence energy equations in the shelf seas. Int. J. Numer. Methods Fluids 29, 193–206]; and another version of the same scheme (but using a different algebraic mixing length) as described by Xing and Davies [Xing, J., Davies, A.M., 1996a. Application of turbulence energy models to the computation of tidal currents and mixing intensities in the shelf edge regions. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 26, 417–447; Xing, J., Davies, A.M., 1996b. Application of a range of turbulence models to the computation of tidal currents and mixing intensities in shelf edge regions. Cont. Shelf. Res. 16, 517–547; Xing, J., Davies, A.M., 1998. Application of a range of turbulence energy models to the computation of the internal tide. Int. J. Numer. Methods Fluids 26, 1055–1084]. Various model outputs at the sea surface and in depth profiles have been compared with data collected in 1989 as part of the North Sea Project [Huthnance, J.M., 1990. Progress on North Sea Project. NERC News, vol. 12, pp. 25–29, UK]. It is shown that the biological results are extremely sensitive to the small changes in the physical conditions, which arise due to the different turbulence schemes tested. The timing of the spring bloom and the maintenance of the midwater chlorophyll maximum all differ greatly between model runs, and the gross primary production varies by a factor of two from the highest to lowest results. The simplified Level 2.5 scheme, implemented using the numerical methods of Annan [Annan, J.D., 1999. Numerical methods for the solution of the turbulence energy equations in the shelf seas. Int. J. Numer. Methods Fluids 29, 193–206], produces results, which give the best agreement with the available data.