柴油发动机颗粒物测试方法及影响因素（续1）

颗粒物是柴油发动机的主要排放物之一。目前在试验室内主要的测试方法是全流稀释采样系统和部分流稀释采样系统。文章介绍了全流和部分流采样的原理,分析了选择采样方法的原则;分别描述了全流和部分流颗粒采样过程中各参数对颗粒物的影响,特别是目前国内可以进行型式核准的部分流颗粒物采样系统;着重阐述了提高2种采样方法的相关性措施。分析认为,应着重关注部分流和全流的颗粒物采样条件对测试结果一致性的影响,以提高我国内燃机颗粒物排放测试的整体水平。     

铁路运输企业呼叫中心话务量预测方法研究

本文结合概率论与数理统计理论,运用抽样统计的手段,采用对数正态分布拟合,对呼叫中心的话务量进行预测.这种方法可计算出呼叫中心话务量的概率分布,从而得知话务量在某区间内的概率.论文使用的研究方法与已有的呼叫中心话务量预测方法的区别是引入了概率特性,它为铁路运输企业呼叫中心实际运营管理提供了理论与参考价值.     

路面平整度评价指标IRI的影响因素

研究了路面平整度标准评价指标——国际平整度指数(IRI)的计算模型和求解方法,找出了影响IRI精度的主要因素;利用数值模拟定量分析了位移传感器精度、数据采样间隔、评价距离、检测方向和检测车速等对IRI的影响。得出结论:提高位移传感器精度、减少数据采样间隔,可以较大提高IRI的测量精度;检测车速越接近理想车速,IRI测量精度越高;检测方向对IRI测量精度产生影响,但其影响较小。     

基于 AD采样的激光稳频自动控制电路的设计

AD(Analog-to-Digital)采样及其数据传输是从传感器和其它待测设备等模拟量转换为数字量并自动采集信息输送给其他设备的不可缺少的部分,并且通过计算机控制,可实现对参量的实时检测、显示与控制.随着信息技术的飞速发展,采用 AD 采样并通过数字传输的计算机自动控制方面的应用越来越广泛,如激光雷达的发射激光波长自动检测.本文给出了一种基于 AD 采样的激光稳频自动控制电路的设计,可有效实现对激光器发射波长的长期稳定的自动控制.     

考虑层间黏聚力的水平层状围岩隧道顶板力学模型计算

水平层状岩体力学性质不仅受岩层组合和结构面控制,而且与层间黏聚力密切相关。水平层状围岩隧道在施工过程中对层间黏聚力考虑不当时,极易造成设计支护参数不合理,导致拱部掉块落石、离层、弯折,甚至局部坍塌、超欠挖等工程问题,严重影响工程安全、施工质量和建设进度。目前水平层状围岩隧道顶板一般简化为锚固梁和简支梁模型,但未考虑层间黏聚力。根据水平层状围岩隧道开挖的不同阶段,将隧道顶板分别简化为开挖初始阶段的锚固梁模型和施工扰动后的简支梁模型,并利用顶板梁体模型的协调变形条件,得出梁模型的层间黏聚力计算公式。以大梁峁隧道为工程依托,分别应用考虑层间黏聚力和不考虑层间黏聚力的梁模型进行隧道临界开挖跨度计算。结果表明：考虑层间黏聚力和不考虑层间黏聚力对水平层状围岩隧道临界开挖跨度影响较大。考虑层间黏聚力时,锚固梁模型临界开挖跨度为3.36~4.75 m,简支梁模型临界开挖跨度为2.74~3.88 m;不考虑层间黏聚力时,锚固梁模型临界开挖跨度为0.14~0.30 m,简支梁模型临界开挖跨度为0.12~0.24 m。结合大梁峁隧道工程现场,隧道开挖跨度3~6 m时,拱顶会出现平顶现象,产生离层和掉块,因此考虑层间黏聚力的水平层状围岩隧道顶板力学模型更符合工程实际情况。     

飞机起飞和着陆所需滑跑距离计算方法中参数值的试验分析

目前,计算飞机滑行距离的理论公式需要许多参数值,这些参数值通常采用线性内插法和随机取样法得到,但综合修正系数（IMC）却要基于飞机的滑跑长度列线图。由于公式中的IMC取决于试验数据,用激光测距仪和经纬仪对飞机的滑跑距离进行了220次测试。试验分析结果表明:飞机起飞时的IMC介于1.000～1.099之间,而着陆时的IMC介于1.468～1.699之间。由此可见,飞机着陆滑跑长度的离散性较起飞时大。     

路桥钢筋抽检与连接技术探讨

钢筋抽检与连接技术是钢筋工程施工中的关键技术之一,为了有效保证钢结构的质量可以达到施工规范的标准,必须对铜筋的定位、连接、锚固剂下料等进行全面评价,并采取有效的控制措施。通过工程实例探讨了路桥钢筋抽检与钢筋机械连接技术．并对钢筋施工的注意事项进行了分析,以保证钢筋工程的顺利实施。     

Biological Status Assessment of Coral Reefs in Southern Puerto Rico: Supporting Coral Reef Protection Under the U.S. Clean Water Act

Abstract

States and other jurisdictions may protect coral reefs using biological water quality standards outlined by the United States Clean Water Act (CWA). Such protection will require long-term, regional monitoring of the resource using biological indicators and a probability-based sampling design. A 60-station survey targeting nearshore linear coral reef was conducted across southern Puerto Rico in December 2011 to document the status of reef inhabitants using a probabilistic, regional sampling design. The quantity, type and condition of stony corals, fish, gorgonians, and sponges were documented from each station, providing a robust representation of linear reef status and composition across the region. Fish represented 106 unique taxa and stony corals 32 unique taxa. Benthic organisms (stony corals, sponges, and gorgonians) averaged nearly 12 colonies per square meter, more than half of which were gorgonians. Assessment results can be used as a baseline to compare with future regional surveys to quantify change in reef condition over time (trend). Both temporal and spatial changes can be expected after large-scale disturbances like hurricanes Maria and Irma in 2017. The indicators and probabilistic sampling design support the long-term regional monitoring envisioned by the Environmental Protection Agency to implement CWA protections in Puerto Rico and elsewhere.     

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随着交通信息化的快速发展,可供分析的交通流数据量越来越大,如何利用大规模交通流数据进行交通预测分析是智能交通的重要研究内容.为解决大规模交通流数据预测问题,本文提出了一种基于分层抽样与k均值聚类相结合的抽样方法,并与基于序贯最小优化方法的支持向量机结合,进行大规模交通流预测.实例分析结果表明,本文提出的聚类方法比现有抽样方法的抽样质量有所提高,基于序贯最小优化方法的支持向量机可有效提高交通流预测的精度.因此,本文提出的方法对于大规模交通流预测是有效的.     

Robust expected violation criterion for constrained robust design problems and its application in automotive lightweight design

Metamodeling techniques are commonly used to replace expensive computer simulations in robust design problems. Due to the discrepancy between the simulation model and metamodel, a robust solution in the infeasible region can be found according to the prediction error in constraint responses. In deterministic optimizations, balancing the predicted constraint and metamodeling uncertainty, expected violation (EV) criterion can be used to explore the design space and add samples to adaptively improve the fitting accuracy of the constraint boundary. However in robust design problems, the predicted error of a robust design constraint cannot be represented by the metamodel prediction uncertainty directly. The conventional EV-based sequential sampling method cannot be used in robust design problems. In this paper, by investigating the effect of metamodeling uncertainty on the robust design responses, an extended robust expected violation (REV) function is proposed to improve the prediction accuracy of the robust design constraints. To validate the benefits of the proposed method, a crashworthiness-based lightweight design example, i.e. a highly nonlinear constrained robust design problem, is given. Results show that the proposed method can mitigate the prediction error in robust constraints and ensure the feasibility of the robust solution.