船舶安全评价探讨

长江港口通过多年大规模的建设,已成为沿江综合运输体系的重要枢纽,承担了沿江能源、外贸物资、石油、集装箱、煤、矿石等货物的运输任务。近十几年来是长江港口基础设施投入资金最多,基础设施建设最快,港口结构调整成效显著,港口吞吐量增长迅速,科技含量、管理水平和人员素质迅速提升的时期,港口建设取得了巨大的成就,港口综合竞争力明显提高。如何综合考核港口发展状况是当前的一项重要课题。     

Experimental and numerical investigation on the derailment of a railway wheelset with solid axle

This paper presents the results of an experimental and numerical investigation on the derailment of a railway wheelset with solid axle. Tests were carried out under quasi-steady-state conditions, on a full-scale roller rig, and allowed to point out the effect of different parameters like the wheelset's angle of attack and the ratio between the vertical loads acting on the flanging and non-flanging wheels. On the basis of the test results, some existing derailment criteria are analysed in this paper and two new criteria are proposed. A model of wheel-rail contact is proposed for the mathematical modelling of the flange climb process, and numerical vs. experimental comparisons are used to obtain model validation.     

基于现场钻芯取样的沥青结构层抗车辙性能评价方法

为了快速检测与评价所铺筑沥青路面结构的抗车辙性能,提高沥青路面施工质量水平,首先设计了圆柱形试件车辙试验所需的试验模具,采用ANSYS软件模拟圆柱形试件和板式试件的车辙试验,分析了圆柱形芯样车辙试验的可行性;其次采用2种基质沥青、1种改性沥青、5种级配的5组沥青混合料,在不同厚度和温度条件下进行圆柱形芯样车辙试验,分析确定了圆柱形芯样车辙试验的条件;最后结合现行规范要求,根据板式试件车辙试验和圆柱形试件车辙试验的相关性,建立了基于现场钻芯取样的沥青路面抗车辙性能检测标准。研究结果表明:可采用70℃下路面圆柱形芯样的车辙试验评价沥青路面高温抗车辙能力,并要求高温性能质量标准下的车辙动稳定度大于2 450次.mm-1;该法可实现对现场沥青路面抗车辙性能的快速检测与评价,有利于提高混合料设计水平与路面施工质量。     

天津港岸坡变形观测标准

在天津港地区的码头和防波堤工程建设中,岸坡变形观测一直是一个重要的内容。而对于观测的标准,相应规范中又没有明确的条文规定。通过对天津地区码头岸坡、防波堤、围埝等的观测实践,提出一套观测标准,并结合实际工程进行验证。实践证明,这套标准是可行的。在今后的工作中,可以推广应用并进一步完善。     

隧道稳定性分析与设计方法讲座之三：隧道设计理念与方法

本文作为一个讲座对以往研究成果作一综述。回顾了当前采用的3种隧道设计方法,提出了基于数值极限分析的地层－结构法,克服了地层－结构法缺点,可以求得设计所需的围岩稳定安全系数,解决了当前设计中的人为性问题。对隧道深浅埋分界线进行了探索,叙述了基于散体理论的隧洞深浅埋分界标准。提出了基于弹塑性理论的隧洞深浅埋分界标准,并对2种分解标准的优缺点进行了评述。阐述了隧道设计计算的5个基本理念： 1）隧道设计必须满足运行和施工中安全要求,提出初期支护后围岩安全系数必须保证施工安全; 2）隧道设计计算模型必须适应不同工程地质条件、围岩压力特征,符合隧道实际受力情况; 3）必须符合现代围岩压力理论与现代支护原理,充分发挥围岩自承作用; 4）隧道结构计算模型也应符合结构实际受力状态,树立初期支护作为围岩加固材料,按塑性理论计算的新理念; 5）采用合理的计算方法与计算参数,确保隧道设计计算的科学性。最后以一个地铁车站为例,采用本讲座提出的方法介绍了Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅴ级围岩中隧道的设计方法与成果。     

Transport network criticality metrics: a comparative analysis and a guideline for selection

ABSTRACT

Transport network criticality analysis aims at ranking transport infrastructure elements based on their contribution to the performance of the overall infrastructure network. Despite the wide variety of transport network criticality metrics, little guidance is available on selecting metrics that are fit for the specific purpose of a study. To address this gap, this study reviews, evaluates and compares seventeen criticality metrics. First, we conceptually evaluate these metrics in terms of the functionality of the transport system that the metrics try to represent (either maintaining connectivity, reducing travel cost, or improving accessibility), the underlying ethical principles (either utilitarianism or egalitarianism), and the spatial aggregation considered by the metrics (either network-wide or localised). Next, we empirically compare the metrics by calculating them for eight transport networks. We define the empirical similarity between two metrics as the degree to which they yield similar rankings of infrastructure elements. Pairs of metrics that have high empirical similarity highlight the same set of transport infrastructure elements as critical. We find that empirical similarity is partly dependent on the network’s topology. We also observe that metrics that are conceptually similar do not necessarily have high empirical similarity. Based on the insights from the conceptual and empirical comparison, we propose a five-step guideline for transport authorities and analysts to identify the set of criticality metrics to use which best aligns with the nature of their policy questions.     

中外岸坡抗强震设计方法对比

天然岸坡以及工程岸坡(如防波堤、驳岸、航道等)在众多海外项目中普遍存在,并往往因为强震作用而产生显著的位移变形。国内外技术规范以及参考指南针对这一问题,分别提出拟静力法、Newmark滑块位移法、时程位移分析法等设计方法。针对不同方法以及判别标准,依托海外某回填陆域工程的岸坡稳定及位移分析结论,分别采用滑弧稳定分析、地震位移经验公式以及时程位移分析,进行方案的综合分析论证。结果表明,中外不同分析方法的判别标准稍有差别,但均能较好地依托实际,在总体安全储备方面相符。     

水基涂料对树脂自硬砂强度影响的研究

给出了树脂自硬砂用新型水基涂料的特点及涂敷工艺规范，生产实践表明，采用新型水基涂料和正确的涂敷工艺规范，可强化型（芯）表面，防止铸造缺陷，获得优质铸件．     

基于浮动车数据采集技术的城市交通网络功能评价方法研究

本文利用浮动车采集到的数据,根据科学性、可比性、综合性等原则,采用动静结合的指标体系对现有交通网络的运营状况、存在问题及其潜力建立了一整套完整的指标体系,反馈和检验路网运行的实际效果。采用模糊多层次综合评价方法并结合层次分析法进行综合评判。本文还结合北京市路网实例评价说明综合评价方法的适用性。     

Finding time‐robust fuel‐efficient paths for a call‐taxi in a stochastic city road network

Intra‐city commuting is being revolutionized by call‐taxi services in many developing countries such as India. A customer requests a taxi via phone, and it arrives at the right time and at the right location for the pick‐up. This mode of intra‐city travel has become one of the most reliable and convenient modes of transportation for customers traveling for business and non‐business purposes. The increased number of vehicles on city roads and raising fuel costs has prompted a new type of transportation logistics problem of finding a fuel‐efficient and quickest path for a call‐taxi through a city road network, where the travel times are stochastic. The stochastic travel time of the road network is induced by obstacles such as the traffic signals and intersections. The delay and additional fuel consumption at each of these obstacles are calculated that are later imputed to the total travel time and fuel consumption of a path. A Monte‐Carlo simulation‐based approach is proposed to identify unique fuel‐efficient paths between two locations in a city road network where each obstacle has a delay distribution. A multi‐criteria score is then assigned to each unique path based on the probability that the path is fuel efficient, the average travel time of the path and the coefficient of variation of the travel times of the path. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.