A study of the environmental impacts of intelligent automated vehicle control at intersections via V2V and V2I communications

This article presents a novel intersection traffic management system for automated vehicles and quantifies its impact on fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions of CO₂ relative to traditional traffic signal and roundabout intersection control. The developed intelligent traffic management (ITM) techniques, which are based on a spatiotemporal reservation scheme, ensure that vehicles proceed through the intersection without colliding with other vehicles while at the same time reducing the intersection delay and environmental impacts. Specifically, the spatiotemporal reservation scheme provides each vehicle a collision-free path that is decomposed into a speed profile along with navigational instructions. The integration of the developed microscopic traffic simulator with instantaneous emission model, provides improved assessments of the environmental impact of traffic control strategies at intersections. The simulator architecture integrates several ITM algorithms, vehicle sensors, V2V/V2I communications, and emission and fuel consumption models. Each vehicle is modeled by an agent and each agent provides information depending on the specific vehicle sensors. The ITM system is supported by V2V and V2I communications, allowing the exchange of information among vehicles and infrastructure. The data include the estimated vehicle position and speed. Compared with traditional traffic management techniques, the simulation results prove that the proposed ITM system reduces CO₂ emissions significantly. The research also shows that these reductions are more significant when the traffic flow increases.     

The impacts of changing flight demands and throughput performance on airport delays through the Great Recession

Several significant events between 2007 and 2009 impacted flight demands and the abilities of the three major New York area airports to handle demand. This paper assesses the results of applying a probabilistic simulation method – which isolates the individual contributions of changes in flight demand and changes in airport throughput performance to changes in flight delays – to diagnose how these different events may have caused operational changes at these airports, and in turn, how the results may be used to inform policies for appropriate countermeasures. The analysis revealed two key observations. Firstly, certain patterns in throughput performance shifts caused the most significant delays, and were more likely to have been caused by controller staffing issues rather than caps. Secondly, relatively constant average delays from one year to the next may result from significant demand drops accompanied by large throughput performance degradations at an airport. This suggests that not only operational limitations on capacity encourage airlines to reduce schedules, but that changed demands can also impact throughput performance. Overall, the analysis indicates that caps may not have provided their fully intended delay benefits. Although they successfully reduced overall flight demands at LGA and JFK, they also directly limited throughput performance at critical times, in turn limiting delay benefits. In addition, demands at the busiest times of the day appear to be relatively inelastic to these operational limitations, insofar as demand profiles at EWR and JFK remained “peaky” in 2008 and 2009. Also, the recession was largely responsible for reducing demands at the airports in 2009, but the delay benefits of this were dampened by a corresponding throughput performance degradation. Based on the above observations, a more direct demand management policy combined with policies that focus on maintaining high staffing capabilities at critical times of the day may be considered, to reduce the likelihood of major queue formation on days that do experience sustained demands. The results also suggest that a more flexible caps system, particularly during times of heavy queues, could be explored. Although airport practitioners have keen understandings of how their airports operate, without the support of quantitative analysis tools, it can be more difficult to argue the need for appropriate countermeasures. An analysis such as the one presented here can provide the detailed quantitative substantiation required to build cases for these targeted policy directives and infrastructure investments.     

钢-铝石墨半固态铸轧复合的数值模拟

铸轧区的温度分布直接影响着铸轧过程的稳定性和复合板材的质量.针对实验室复合板半固态铸轧试验的特点建立了数学模型,采用有限元法对钢-铝石墨半固态铸轧复合过程的热流耦合问题进行了数值模拟计算,分析了不同浇注温度和铸轧速度下熔池内温度场变化的情况.模拟结果表明,当浇注温度为620℃,铸轧速度在0.6～0.8 m/min的范围内可保证铸轧稳定进行,此结论与试验数据相吻合.该模型可以有效预测凝固前沿位置,为半固态铸轧复合工艺的进一步研究和钢-铝石墨复合板的数字化生产提供了依据.     

探地雷达数值模拟及其在隧道检测中的应用

利用时域有限差分(FDTD)方法,对隧道工程检测中常见检测目标进行数值模拟,分析脱空、单层钢筋、双层钢筋等目标体的探地雷达反射信号图像特征,并对隧道检测中的雷达信号图像采用遗传算法进行反演,引入目标相关系数用于反演结果全局寻优,实现对多次反射的压制,降低浅部钢筋反射信号对识别深部目标体的影响。通过对数值模拟结果进行反演,证明该方法理论上的有效性,并结合工程实践中的应用效果,说明该方法的优点与局限性。     

液冷和冷媒直冷动力电池包冷却性能数值分析

采用数值模拟的研究方法，对比分析了某纯电车型在高速超速以及驱动耐久工况下动力电池包采用液冷和冷媒直冷两种方案的冷却性能，研究结果表明，对于高速超速工况，相对于液冷方案，采用冷媒直冷电池包温度降低了约10%；对于驱动耐久工况，采用冷媒直冷方案电池包温度降低了约 16%，与此同时，电池包均温性也有所改善。在相同工况条件下，动力电池包冷媒直冷的冷却性能优于液冷。     

分离式立交地面层交叉口一体化设计方法研究

分离式立交是解决城市拥堵的有效手段,但立交桥地面层的平面交叉口设计仍缺乏足够重视,现有的组织方式、控制方案无法有效应对立交桥下特有的交通环境。文中分析立交地面层交叉口特有的交通环境,提出一体化组织方法及信号控制模型,运用VISSIM仿真软件分析评价一体化组织方法的适用范围,为实践中可否采用一体化组织方法的决策提供参考。并以武汉市二环线—解放大道交叉口为实例进行验证,结果表明,与常规的交叉口组织方案相比,一体化组织方案通行能力更大,延误显著降低,服务水平有效提高。     

贵阳机场岩溶洼地填筑体变形与稳定性数值模拟

以贵阳龙洞堡国际机场试验段工程为例对岩溶洼地填筑体变形及稳定性进行数值模拟研究。研究结果表明:强夯对岩溶洼地地基土处理具有较好的效果，能有效降低填筑体的沉降量及边坡位移量；填筑体沉降量随着填筑体厚度减小而减小。     

细水雾与排烟系统共同作用下地铁车站火灾烟气蔓延规律

为研究岛式地铁车站内列车发生火灾时，站台细水雾与排烟系统对烟气蔓延的控制效果，依托西安地铁4号线岛式地铁车站，采用FDS软件建立1：1的数值仿真模型，选择大涡模拟，研究站内列车火灾规模为5 MW时，站台细水雾与排烟系统共同作用下，火灾烟气蔓延速度、能见度与温度场的分布特征，分析了细水雾与排烟系统对烟气蔓延特性的影响规律；并通过缩尺模型试验，验证了数值模拟方法研究细水雾控制地铁火灾烟气蔓延的可靠性。研究结果表明：车门间隔开启时，烟气先向列车两侧蔓延，150 s时扩散至整个车厢并向站台层蔓延，当开启站台细水雾时，烟气温度明显下降，且随着细水雾粒径的减小与流量的增大，烟层降温效果增强；当水雾粒径为100 μm，流量为8 L·min^-1时，距离站台中线3 m处断面平均温度为36.19℃，较未开启细水雾时温升降幅可达62.91%；同时细水雾使得烟层蔓延速度减小，在开启细水雾系统后200 s内2^#楼梯口平均空气质量流速下降39.72%；当开启排烟系统时，可使列车内温度场纵向分布最大值向火源下游移动，加快站台层及列车内对流换热效率，使细水雾的气相冷却作用得到加强，二者同时作用时降温阻烟效果最佳。     

反潜巡逻机空投鱼雷发现概率仿真研究(英文)

由于反潜巡逻机具有速度快、范围大、效率高、能力强等特点,从而使得反潜巡逻机投放的空投鱼雷成为现代反潜力量的最重要的组成部分.为了提高作战效能,有必要对反潜巡逻机投放空投鱼雷发现概率进行深入的研究,该文分析研究了反潜巡逻机投放空投鱼雷的作战使用方式,并建立了仿真数学模型,对其三种攻击方式下的发现概率进行了计算分析,对向潜艇人概位置点攻击方法造成的发现概率偏低的问题提出了改进措施,可为反潜巡逻机空投鱼雷作战使用提供重要的参考依据.     

Integrated coastal water monitoring

Geographical Information Systems (GIS) are important took for environmental monitoring and management. However, their limitations in dealing with complex, dynamic, and mission‐critical situations call for alternative approaches. Integrating GIS with dynamic simulation models offers one such solution. Numerical models that simulate physical, chemical, and biological processes greatly increase our understanding of the environment. Many of these models use refined forecast information to accurately predict processes that help in monitoring and managing the environment. Integrating these models with GIS offers new functionalities. The present research couples the MIKE21 comprehensive modeling system for two‐dimensional free surface flows with the spatial analysis strengths of the ArcView GIS. The southern coastal water system of Singapore serves as the study area. The aim is to develop a comprehensive software system that provides support for both environmental managers and land‐use planners in making their decisions.