舰用电站柴油机加载过渡工况的性能研究

采用自行设计的过渡工况控制及测量系统,对舰用电站柴油机进行了加载过渡工况下柴油机的空燃比、消光烟度及示功图参数的测试。试验结果表明,随负荷增加率的上升,空燃比减小,燃烧恶化;燃烧始点后移,预混燃烧比明显下降。上述原因导致了在加载过渡工况下,随负荷增加率的升高,柴油机的性能恶化,油耗增加,燃烧噪声变大,排气烟度上升。     

隧道施工时探查、预报断层、岩溶、地下水的技术新进展

经十余年的不断努力,特别是2003年以后,由于国家有关部门的重视和支持,在探查预报隧道掌子面前方断层、破碎带、溶洞、暗河、地下水等方面有较大进展,结合探查实例,介绍以陆地声纳法为代表的弹性波系列方法、瞬变电磁法和探地雷达组合的成套方法技术,在断层的空间定位、探查地下水、探查溶洞、暗河等方面的理论研究成果和实测预报中取得的效果。     

基于APT试验的半刚性基层沥青路面动力响应分析

通过足尺试验路加速加载试验研究半刚性基层沥青路面的动力响应,为路面性能预估及结构设计提供依据。通过修筑水泥稳定碎石基层和二灰稳定碎石基层2种结构APT试验路,埋设水平应变仪、竖向压应力传感器和温度传感器,实时采集路面结构动应力、应变、弯沉和路面温度场,分析温度与结构动应变、应力响应的关系,开展基于FWD弯沉盆的路面结构层模量和力学响应计算分析。研究结果表明,半刚性基层层底拉应变受温度影响较小,半刚性基层厚度对结构弯沉影响较大;半刚性基层厚度越小,其模量衰减越快;随重复荷载作用,半刚性基层层底拉应变响应先较快增加而后缓慢减小;在路面使用初期(2 560万次标准轴载),半刚性基层结构模量衰减较慢,当轮载作用1亿次标准轴载累计当量轴次时,半刚性基层模量约衰减55%。     

Communicating transportation carbon dioxide emissions information: Does gender impact behavioral response?

General concern and knowledge on climate change have been increasingly studied over the past decades. Gender differences have been found for general environmental concern and knowledge, but mixed findings exist with respect to climate change. In transportation, research has examined potential relations between environmental attitudes and transportation behavior, with mixed findings as well. Recently, the use of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions information to influence choice has been tested with women being found more willing to pay to reduce their personal impacts, suggesting that women are either more willing to change or that their response to information on climate change is stronger. However, those studies used CO₂ mass and studies that examined understanding of CO₂ information as a mass have found that people struggle to understand it. If concern and knowledge about climate change differ amongst individuals, then, according to theories such as the Transtheoretical Model, the type of information used to motivate choices is likely important. Using a unique data set (n = 236) it is possible to take a first look at how gender might affect concern, knowledge, and action in terms of transportation and climate change. Further, it is also possible to examine behavioral responses to transportation climate change information. Finally, an empirical analysis is conducted of the effect of how the information is presented might differ by gender. Thus, this work aims to investigate whether gender differences might contribute to the explanation of individual behavioral responses (from concern to action) in a transportation climate change context.     

Guidance for new policy developments on railway noise and vibration

Noise and vibration are two of the main problems associated with railways in residential areas. To ensure quality of life and well-being of inhabitants living in the vicinity of railway paths, it is important to evaluate, understand, control and regulate railway noise and vibration. Much attention has been focused on the impact of noise from railway traffic but the consideration of railway-induced vibration has often been neglected. This paper aims to provide policy guidance based on results obtained from the analyses of relationships estimated from ordinal logit models between human response, railway noise exposure and railway vibration exposure. This was achieved using data from case studies comprised of face-to-face interviews (N = 931), internal vibration measurements (N = 755), and noise calculations (N = 688) collected within the study “Human Response to Vibration in Residential Environments” by the University of Salford, UK. Firstly, the implications of neglecting vibration in railway noise policies are investigated. The findings suggest that it is important to account for railway induced vibrations in future noise and transport policies, as neglecting vibrations results in an underestimation of people highly annoyed by noise. Secondly, implications of neglecting different types of railway sources are presented. It was found that the impact of noise and vibration form maintenance operations should be better understood and should be taken into account when assessing the environmental impact of railways in residential environments. Finally, factors that were found to influence railway vibration annoyance are presented and expressed as weightings. The data shows that factors specific to a particular residential area should also be taken into account in future vibration policies as the literature shows that attitudinal, socio-demographic and situational factors have a large influence on vibration annoyance responses. This work will be of interest to researchers and environmental health practitioners involved in the assessment of vibration complaints, as well as to policy makers, planners and consultants involved in the design of buildings and railways.     

基于非线性超声的无缝钢轨锁定轨温检测

针对基于非线性超声的无缝钢轨锁定轨温检测问题,理论分析了材料非线性系数在温度、应力变化过程中的变化情况,试验研究了温度与应力对自由状态及锁定状态下钢轨超声非线性系数的影响,得到了温度与应力共同作用下的非线性超声响应规律。研究结果表明:自由状态下钢轨中传播的超声非线性受温度影响明显,非线性系数随温度升高而增大,随温度降低而减小;锁定状态下钢轨中传播的超声非线性受温度与应力耦合作用,非线性系数在钢轨温度高于锁定轨温时随温度升高而增大,在钢轨温度低于锁定轨温时随温度降低而增大,在钢轨温度为锁定轨温时出现局部极值点。论文从理论和试验两方面证实了非线性超声可以检测无缝钢轨锁定轨温。     

A latent variable representation of count data models to accommodate spatial and temporal dependence: Application to predicting crash frequency at intersections

This paper proposes a reformulation of count models as a special case of generalized ordered-response models in which a single latent continuous variable is partitioned into mutually exclusive intervals. Using this equivalent latent variable-based generalized ordered response framework for count data models, we are then able to gainfully and efficiently introduce temporal and spatial dependencies through the latent continuous variables. Our formulation also allows handling excess zeros in correlated count data, a phenomenon that is commonly found in practice. A composite marginal likelihood inference approach is used to estimate model parameters. The modeling framework is applied to predict crash frequency at urban intersections in Arlington, Texas. The sample is drawn from the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) crash incident files between 2003 and 2009, resulting in 1190 intersection-year observations. The results reveal the presence of intersection-specific time-invariant unobserved components influencing crash propensity and a spatial lag structure to characterize spatial dependence. Roadway configuration, approach roadway functional types, traffic control type, total daily entering traffic volumes and the split of volumes between approaches are all important variables in determining crash frequency at intersections.     

方形锂离子电池热失控情况下的热管理研究

为了研究某种方形锂离子电池中单个电芯发生热失控事故时电池的整体性能,本文利用ANSYS软件进行热仿真分析,同时通过实验对电池中单个电芯进行过充强制其发生热失控分析热失控。模拟过程中根据电池箱中电芯和冷却装置的结构特性对电池三维模型进行简化,通过设置均匀热流密度内热源来模拟电池发热过程。热失控实验时对单个电芯进行强制性的过充使电芯发生热失控至电芯过压保护。结合模拟仿真和热失控实验中电池系统的温度分布情况,模拟结果和实验结果十分接近从而验证了仿真模型的准确性。根据热失控仿真结果中的电池系统温度分布云图,该型电池的冷却装置能够保证在单个电芯发生热失控的情况下整个电池的安全性。     

着水姿态对大型水陆两栖飞机着水性能的影响

针对着水姿态对水陆两栖飞机船体着水性能的影响,通过单船身(机身)模型着水试验与仿真,分析着水载荷和运动响应,单船身模型可排除气动力及复杂的水面效应等因素引起的试验与仿真的差异。结果表明仿真与试验结果一致性较好,压力分布满足设计要求;初始姿态角对压力分布及加速度的时历变化影响不大,但艉部着水前期姿态角会出现减小的现象;加速度和姿态角峰值随着初始姿态角的增大会出现明显的波谷型变化。综合看来,该型水陆两栖飞机着水性能在6°-8°姿态角范围内较优,7°最佳。     

水面小尺度漂浮平台动力学响应分析

针对由弹性连接件形成的多浮体系统,基于修正的莫里森公式应用微元法推导了主平台和浮囊的受力模型,建立了水面小尺度漂浮平台的动力学方程,并分析了连接件刚度和浮囊直径对主平台幅值运动响应的影响。通过仿真和试验结果对比验证了理论模型的正确性。结果表明,连接件刚度对主平台幅值运动响应的影响远大于浮囊直径,主平台的幅值响应随连接件刚度呈"W"变化,最优的连接件刚度为40×10~4N/m;主平台的幅值响应随浮囊直径呈微弱增长,最优的浮囊直径为2.5 m。研究结果可为水面小尺度漂浮平台的弹性连接件和浮囊参数的设计提供依据。