基于卷积神经网络的AUV水下识别算法设计与实现

自主式水下机器人(AUV)是应用于复杂海洋环境中的高智能化无人装备,其需要具备良好的环境感知能力进行自主导航,包括水下目标识别能力。随着人工智能的高速发展,卷积神经网络作为图像处理领域的深度学习架构,在图像特征提取和图像识别上有着强大的性能和卓越的优势。本文利用卷积神经网络,实现了自主式水下机器人水下目标的自主识别。同时,通过采用三段式全连接方式和增加卷积层深度的方式对卷积神经网络进行进一步改进,提高了卷积神经网络的训练速度、准确率和泛化能力。     

城市水下浅埋暗挖隧道最小覆盖层厚度确定方法

为了保证隧道的交通功能,实现城市水下隧道与近岸道路的连接,解决矿山法隧道水下段最小覆盖层厚度问题,通过对国内外水下隧道最小覆盖层厚度确定方法的讨论,针对江西赣州市蓉江四路章江隧道水下段最小覆盖层厚度,提出一种更为经济、合理的确定方法。该方法通过采用工程技术措施,以风险分析、数值计算、监控量测为手段,确定施工风险大小,结合交通功能、经济分析、社会效益,确定最小覆盖层的优选方案。最后,对提出的确定方法进行总结。     

驾驶室隔声漏声的声压法测量

为了控制车内噪声,研究驾驶室的隔声效果则是必不可少的环节。本文介绍一种简单可行的评价驾驶室隔声漏声的测量方法,并结合实际给出了声压法在驾驶室隔声漏声测量中的应用实例。在没有声学试验室的情况下,该试验方法不失为一项行之有效的方法。     

An overview: modern techniques for railway vehicle on-board health monitoring systems

Health monitoring systems with low-cost sensor networks and smart algorithms are always needed in both passenger trains and heavy haul trains due to the increasing need for reliability and safety in the railway industry. This paper focuses on an overview of existing approaches applied for railway vehicle on-board health monitoring systems. The approaches applied in the data measurement systems and the data analysis systems in railway on-board health monitoring systems are presented in this paper, including methodologies, theories and applications. The pros and cons of the various approaches are analysed to determine appropriate benchmarks for an effective and efficient railway vehicle on-board health monitoring system. According to this review, inertial sensors are the most popular due to their advantages of low cost, robustness and low power consumption. Linearisation methods are required for the model-based methods which would inevitably introduce error to the estimation results, and it is time-consuming to include all possible conditions in the pre-built database required for signal-based methods. Based on this review, future development trends in the design of new low-cost health monitoring systems for railway vehicles are discussed.     

A real-time posture monitoring method for rail vehicle bodies based on machine vision

Monitoring vehicle operation conditions has become significantly important in modern high-speed railway systems. However, the operational impact of monitoring the roll angle of vehicle bodies has principally been limited to tilting trains, while few studies have focused on monitoring the running posture of vehicle bodies during operation. We propose a real-time posture monitoring method to fulfil real-time monitoring requirements, by taking rail surfaces and centrelines as detection references. In realising the proposed method, we built a mathematical computational model based on space coordinate transformations to calculate attitude angles of vehicles in operation and vertical and lateral vibration displacements of single measuring points. Moreover, comparison and verification of reliability between system and field results were conducted. Results show that monitoring of the roll angles of car bodies obtained through the system exhibit variation trends similar to those converted from the dynamic deflection of bogie secondary air springs. The monitoring results of two identical conditions were basically the same, highlighting repeatability and good monitoring accuracy. Therefore, our monitoring results were reliable in reflecting posture changes in running railway vehicles.     

运营公路隧道局部换拱效果及其工程影响

通过对运营公路隧道换拱工程试验段衬砌荷载和温度的现场监测,并将之与新建隧道衬砌荷载分布规律进行对比,评价换拱工程中新施作衬砌的承载性能。通过采用数值计算分析的手段,对换拱过程临近结构附加影响进行研究。结果表明:换拱工程与新建隧道工程衬砌荷载分别在荷载曲线形态和达到峰值的时间这2个方面存在明显差异;结合衬砌温度变化规律,揭示了换拱工程的新施作衬砌基本不发挥承载作用,现场监测所得荷载主要是由温度应力引起的;分析换拱过程中,邻近结构在卸荷作用下产生一定的附加沉降和附加应力。综合换拱工程衬砌承载效果及对临近结构的影响,提出了在运营隧道衬砌病害处理过程中,宜优先采用非破坏性防护措施,慎用局部换拱方案的工程建议。     

地面预注浆施工技术在井筒涌水防治中的应用

张集矿区地层位于裂隙破碎带且含水量丰富,为解决第2副井井筒地面预注浆施工难度大的问题,基于工程地质调研、技术设计和工业试验的方法对地面预注浆施工技术进行了研究。通过在井筒开凿前上部表土段采用冻结法施工、下部基岩段采用地面预注浆技术施工,并采用直孔和Y孔相结合的布置方式,实现了注浆、冻结和凿井"三同时"施工的目的,有效节约了工期。在整个施工过程中,采用自主研发的监控设备,实现了实时控制并获得了重要的注浆参数,同时采用压水试验的方法对注浆质量进行了效果评价。根据监测结果:1)各段终压值和注浆量均达到了设计要求,总注浆量达16 286 m~3;2)压水试验测得的地层渗透系数明显减小,井筒涌水量仅为2.27 m~3/h,说明该施工方法起到了很好的加固和堵水作用。     

盾构主轴承齿轮箱应用参数监测技术的可行性研究

以刀盘扭矩、刀盘转速和主驱动电流为3个变量,通过理论推导,定义参量"能量输出效率E",对盾构主轴承齿轮箱的能量传递效率进行定量评价。其可行性在延长盾构/TBM使用寿命相关研究实践中得到了验证。对主轴承齿轮箱等盾构部件工作状态进行参数监测,"E"参量具有开发应用前景。     

HSP法在引汉济渭TBM隧道地质预报中的应用

为了解决超前地质预报与TBM快速施工之间的干扰,结合TBM的施工特点,分析地质预报的难点,介绍适用于TBM施工的HSP声波反射法原理和探测方案。该方法创造性地利用刀盘剪切岩石产生的振动信号为震源信号,采取阵列式布极,获取前方地层特征参数,来预报TBM施工前方的地质条件,来达到TBM快速施工的目标。通过HSP在陕西省引汉济渭工程TBM施工段应用案例的解析和实际情况的对比分析,表明HSP声波反射法对不良地质结构面的存在具有较好的正相关响应,是适用于TBM施工时地质预报的高效方法之一。     

天目山隧道掘进粉尘监测与人员急性中毒原因分析

天目山隧道施工过程中,作业人员出现眼睛红肿及皮肤红肿、脱落等急性中毒症状。为探明急性中毒原因,通过监测隧道内粉尘体积质量变化、分析粉尘化学组分,辨识出引起中毒的有害物质。经检测发现,爆破后以2 274 m~3/min的风量通风10 min,作业区的粉尘体积质量可降低至接触限值(1 mg/m~3)以下;超前小导管钻孔时,作业区的粉尘体积质量为接触限值的56倍,作业人员会出现显著的急性中毒现象。另外,天目山隧道粉尘中钒、镍、锰和铬的含量以及围岩中砷、铜、铬、镍和钒的含量均较高,特别是急性中毒发生时隧道空气中钒和砷的体积质量最高,作业人员的症状与钒、砷的中毒诊断标准相符。可以判断,隧道作业人员急性中毒主要由以钒和砷为主的粉尘所致。