Strategies to achieve deep reductions in metropolitan transportation GHG emissions: the case of Philadelphia

ABSTRACT

This paper investigates strategies that could achieve an 80% reduction in transportation emissions from current levels by 2050 in the City of Philadelphia. The baseline daily lifecycle emissions generated by road transportation in the Greater Philadelphia Region in 2012 were quantified using trip information from the 2012 Household Travel Survey (HTS). Emissions were projected to the year 2050 accounting for population growth and trends in vehicle technology for both the Greater Philadelphia Region and the City of Philadelphia. The impacts of vehicle technology and shifts in travel modes on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2050 were quantified using a scenario approach. The analysis of 12 different scenarios suggests that 80% reduction in emissions is technically feasible through a combination of active transportation, cleaner fuels for public transit vehicles, and a significant market penetration of battery-electric vehicles. The additional electricity demand associated with greater use of electric vehicles could amount to 10.8 TWh/year. The use of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) shows promising results due to high reductions in GHG emissions at a potentially manageable cost.     

Extracting driving characteristics from heavy goods vehicle tachograph charts

European Union regulations require haulage companies of member states like the UK to keep records of their drivers’ hours of work. All heavy goods vehicles (HGV's) over 7.5 tonnes are fitted with tachographs which record a driver's operating activities (periods of driving, other work and rest). These records are etched onto a laminated chart by various styli, one of which records the vehicle's speed. This paper describes the development and testing of a new technique for extracting individual driving characteristics from the speed trace of an HGV tachograph chart to calculate four parameters: distance travelled, average speed, time travelled and speed variability.

The average speed, time travelled and speed variability were analysed statistically using one‐way analysis of variance tests. Speed variability was found to be particularly useful for identifying differences between individual driver's behaviour. Once differences in behaviours can be identified it may be possible to link certain driving habits to factors such as component wear, accident rates and excessive fuel usage.     

Scheduling of Intelligent and Autonomous Vehicles under pairing/unpairing collaboration strategy in container terminals

A new class of Intelligent and Autonomous Vehicles (IAVs) has been designed in the framework of Intelligent Transportation for Dynamic Environment (InTraDE) project funded by European Union. This type of vehicles is technologically superior to the existing Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs), in many respects. They offer more flexibility and intelligence in maneuvering within confined spaces where the logistic operations take place. This includes the ability of pairing/unpairing enabling a pair of 1-TEU (20-foot Equivalent Unit) IAVs dynamically to join, transport containers of any size between 1-TEU and 1-FFE (40-foot Equivalent) and disjoin again. Deploying IAVs helps port operators to remain efficient in coping with the ever increasing volume of container traffic at ports and eliminate the need for deploying more 40-ft transporters in the very confined area of ports. In order to accommodate this new feature of IAVs, we review and extend one of the existing mixed integer programming models of AGV scheduling in order to minimize the makespan of operations for transporting a set of containers of different sizes between quay cranes and yard cranes. In particular, we study the case of Dublin Ferryport Terminal. In order to deal with the complexity of the scheduling model, we develop a Lagrangian relaxation-based decomposition approach equipped with a variable fixing procedure and a primal heuristics to obtain high-quality solution of instances of the problem.     

基于剩余寿命可靠度的地铁车辆设备多部件趋近机会维修策略

当前地铁车辆的检修存在着过修和欠修的现象.在分析车辆设备全寿命的基础上,以全寿命周期单位时间维修费用最低为目标,建立了基于剩余寿命可靠度的预防性维修周期模型,并针对多部件维修周期问题提出了应用于多部件整体的趋近机会维修策略.通过算例分析,验证了模型的合理性和可用性,以及趋近机会维修策略的有效性.     

基于路侧多机视频目标关联与轨迹拼接的车辆连续轨迹构建方法

针对单个相机覆盖区域有限的问题,本文提出了通过路侧多个相机获取车辆连续轨迹数据的方法。在路侧端布置多台固定相机采集视频数据,采用直接线性变换算法解决相机外参造成的画面畸变问题;通过全时域抽帧提取图片训练样本,采用YOLOv5训练车辆检测模型;针对偶发的车辆漏检情形,通过完整性检查可以筛查出此类情况并修复;针对连续多帧漏检或误检导致的目标关联问题,通过异常轨迹核查算法及数据修复工具解决;针对相机斜下方区域的车辆轮廓变形问题,采用车辆检测轮廓修复算法解决车辆在不同路段检测框大小不一的问题;提出了基于车辆质心坐标匹配的方法实现相邻机位间的车辆轨迹拼接。基于上述多机视频目标关联与轨迹拼接方法,在多机位时间同步下构建了覆盖武汉珞狮路高架桥的车辆连续轨迹数据集,轨迹数据集验证结果表明：数据集涵盖从畅通到拥堵的各种交通状态,包含多段分合流区域,数据集连续时长达到3.5 h,覆盖区域1.41 km;车辆检测模型的召回率达到93.23%,准确率达到98.51%,F1分数为95.80%;数据集包含主路及各处匝道汇入的轨迹共25 734条,其中覆盖道路全域的完整长轨迹15 004条。本研究丰富了路侧多机视频目标关联与轨迹拼接方法,有助于路侧宽域车辆连续轨迹构建及交通管理与控制。     

应用ARIMA模式于车辆侦测器数据填补

交控系统是利用各项侦测器或纵坐标名称、单位来进行交通特性搜集的,近年来由于在有线与无线传输的技术上日渐成熟,许多的信息都可以快速的传回至交控中心.但是目前车辆侦测器设置的位置会影响数据收集的准确度,且感应线圈车辆侦测器面临着经常发生数据遗漏.数据产生缺漏对于交通管理决策缺乏效率,而且无法彰显出投资车辆侦测器之价值.为了避免车辆侦测器数据遗漏、断线或数据异常不能使用之情形出现,利用自回归移动平均模型(ARIMA)来填补车辆侦测器所遗失的数据,其MAPE值小于20%,故ARIMA模式较平均法更优秀,其係以历史资料来建构,故有相当优良的填补绩效.     

道路通行行为研究进展及其展望

道路通行行为是交通行为领域重要的研究热点,文中系统梳理了道路通行行为的学术研究现状、存在问题、研究方法及发展前景。阐述了道路通行行为的定义,分析比较了通行行为与驾驶行为、驾驶员行为的区别和联系。提出将道路通行行为分为基本通行行为、攻击性通行行为、路径选择行为以及竞争与协作通行行为四部分,总结了国内外道路通行行为发展现状,分析了存在问题,并对其未来发展趋势进行了展望。为改善道路通行行为研究方法,针对道路通行行为的多种交通行为特点,提出了适用于道路通行行为的研究方法和手段(时空法、实验法和模拟仿真),探讨了各研究方法的应用现状、优缺点、以及在不同研究阶段的适用性。最后对道路通行行为的发展趋势进行了探讨并提出了建议。     

动车低速脱轨的动态响应

在动车轴箱下方安装防护装置, 进行线路低速脱轨试验。车辆借助脱轨器完成脱轨, 利用应变片、加速度和位移传感器采集脱轨车辆的动态响应, 采用高速摄像仪和视频摄像仪分别记录了脱轨车辆的运动姿态。基于试验数据, 评估了脱轨条件下钢轨抗倾翻能力, 验证了脱轨安全防护装置的性能, 分析了动车脱轨后的动态响应和脱轨速度、车辆质量和线路对动态响应的影响。试验结果表明: 当动车低速脱轨时, 防护装置撞击钢轨的最大横向力为177.18kN, 小于钢轨横向抵抗力510.00kN, 因此, 脱轨安全防护装置可以扣住钢轨外侧, 有效限制脱轨车辆的横向移动。车辆的脱轨过程分为惰行、轨上运动、落地和路基滑行4个阶段, 各阶段的动态响应均随脱轨速度和车辆质量的增大而增大。当动车脱轨速度为22km·h^-1时, CRTSⅡ型双块式无砟轨道的脱轨距离约为15.80m, CRTSⅠ型板式无砟轨道的脱轨距离约为20.87m, 因此, CRTSⅡ型双块式无砟轨道的轨枕可以起到减速带的作用, 减小脱轨距离。     

基于多模式弱分类器的AdaBoost-Bagging车辆检测算法

针对现有车辆检测算法在实际复杂道路情况下对车辆有效检测率不高的问题, 提出了融合多模式弱分类器, 并以AdaBoost-Bagging集成为强分类器的车辆检测算法。结合判别式模型善于利用较多的特征形成较好决策边界和生成式模型善于利用较少的特征排除大量负样本的优点, 以Haar特征训练判别式弱分类器, 以HOG特征训练生成式弱分类器, 以AdaBoost算法为桥梁, 采用泛化能力强的Bagging学习器集成算法得到AdaBoost-Bagging强分类器, 利用Caltech1999数据库和实际道路图像对检测算法进行了验证。验证结果表明: 相比于单模式弱分类器, AdaBoostBagging强分类器在分类能力和处理时间上均具有优越性, 表现为较高的检测率与较低的误检率, 分别为95.7%、0.000 27%, 每帧图像的检测时间较少, 为25ms; 与传统级联AdaBoost分类器相比, AdaBoost-Bagging强分类器虽然增加了12%的检测时间和30%的训练时间, 但检测率提升了1.8%, 误检率降低了0.000 06%;本文算法的检测性能显著优于基于Haar特征的AdaBoost分类器算法、基于HOG特征的SVM分类器算法、基于HOG特征的DPM分类器算法, 具有较佳的车辆检测效果。     

混合交通流条件下区域交通信号控制优化模型

针对传统区域交通控制技术无法应对机非冲突干扰的问题, 结合中国城市道路混合交通流的特点, 研究了交叉口与路段非机动车对机动车的干扰。分析了区域路网机动车交通特征, 确定了混合交通特性相似的区域。基于路段非机动车的阻滞作用, 分析了交叉口通行能力的折减与相邻交叉口相位差的优化。以区域路网机动车总延误为优化目标, 建立了非机动车影响条件下的区域交通信号控制优化模型, 优化了信号周期时长、绿信比和相位差等参数, 并利用遗传算法求解模型。利用VISSIM仿真软件, 以上海市杨浦区五角场环形区域路网为例对优化模型进行验证。验证结果表明: 现状信号控制方案下区域路网7个交叉口机动车的车均延误为24.5~42.9s, 平均为35.99s, 路网总延误为256.39h, 优化后交叉口的车均延误为21.8~36.4s, 平均为30.12s, 路网总延误为214.57h, 7个交叉口车均延误减少了10%~24%, 平均为16.31%。可见, 优化模型能够显著降低区域路网车均延误与总延误, 提高区域路网通行效率。