浅谈纯水制造设备的保固

纯水制造设备的连续优质供水对工厂的正常生产有着非常大的影响。本文首先简单介绍纯水制造设备的流程,然后对设备产生故障的原因进行分析。     

Estimation of value of travel time reliability

In mode choice decision, travelers consider not only travel time but also reliability of its modes. In this paper, reliability was expressed in terms of standard deviation and maximum delay that were measured based on triangular distribution. In order to estimate value of time and value of reliability, the Multinomial and Nested Logit models were used. The analysis results revealed that reliability is an important factor affecting mode choice decisions. Elasticity is used to estimate the impacts of the different policies and system improvements for water transportation mode. Among these policies, decision maker can assess and select the best alternative by doing the benefit and cost analysis based on a new market share, the value of time, and the value of reliability. Finally, a set of promising policies and system improvement of the water transportation were proposed.     

On the fresh balance of the Adriatic Sea

The long-term mean fresh water balance of the Adriatic Sea is studied by ananalysing evaporation, precipitation and river runoff. Evaporation is computed from May latent heat flux and by means of bulk formula. In the latter case two wind speed data sets are used, namely those from the NMC and May. The sea surface temperature is taken from a historical Adriatic data set, and the air temperature and relative humidity come from the NMC data set. Two precipitation data sets are considered, namely the Legates and Willmott climatology and a data set consisting of data measured at 62 rain-gauge stations located on the Adriatic coasts. Runoff contribution to the fresh water balance is estimated from the long-term average flow rates of 39 rivers and the horizontal distribution of salinity in the upper mixed layer.The spatial distribution of the fresh water balance, as well as of its components, is analysed by means of monthly objective maps, from which averages and standard deviations are computed. The results obtained from the different computations are not always univocal, particularly in the evaluation of Summer evaporation, and are affected by relatively large statistical errors. Significant spatial and seasonal variability occurs, with a noticeable fresh water gain along the coastline of the northern and middle basins, while small areas of fresh water loss are found in the middle and southern basins. Nevertheless, on an annual basis, the difference between the fresh water losses by evaporation and the gains by precipitation and runoff is clearly negative, indicating that, unlike the whole Mediterranean, the Adriatic Sea is generally a dilution basin.     

Managing transportation during highway reconstruction: A recommended process

Major highway reconstruction can cause significant disruptions to existing travel patterns and economic activity. Reducing these impacts on travelers, shippers, businesses and residents requires that innovative and effective transportation management actions be developed and implemented. This paper reports the major findings and recommendations of a research study on managing transportation during highway, reconstruction. The primary objectives of the study were

野三关隧道DK 124+602突水相关水文地质分析

研究目的:野三关隧道出口突发性大涌水,造成灾害。研究与分析施工资料、既有水文地质资料及现场观测资料,探究其原因,总结其规律,有效地确定其设计、施工整治方案,规避施工风险。研究结论:志留系碎屑岩组成的山地分水岭与栖霞组、茅口组灰岩组成的山地斜坡之间的地貌交界处和岩性界面处是汇水富集的地方;P1q+m富水地层中发育3#暗河,存在3个不同类型的充水层,它们都与3#暗河有不同程度的联系,隧道突水将暗河导入隧道;改道后的暗河继承、保留了原3#暗河的管道流特征、径流流量动态变化特征、降雨-流量关系特征等;暗河改道将对环境产生一定影响、大流量水流突出的泥石和随带的泥沙对施工和营运养护将造成困难。     

TDJ2006分体活塞减速顶的研制及应用

介绍TDJ2006分体活塞减速顶的研制及试验过程,详述了该顶的具体结构设计。通过对该顶的结构特点及产品特性的阐述,说明了该顶是一种非常适合于我国重载运输发展要求的编组站调速设备。同时对该顶近两年来在国内外的使用推广情况进行了简单介绍。     

列车集便污水好氧处理工艺试验研究

以某动车段化粪池实际出水为原水样本,采用SBR工艺重点对COD、氨氮的去除效率进行了研究,确定了列车集便污水活性污泥法好氧处理曝气时间、DO值、进水主要污染物指标浓度范围等参数。试验表明SBR工艺对列车集便污水化粪池出水中的COD仅有50%的去除效果,曝气时间超过8 h对COD去除效果的提高作用不大;集便污水NH3-N浓度在1 500 mg/L以上时,停留时间为24 h,曝气时间达到12 h,去除率可以达到70%左右;NH3-N浓度为500 mg/L时,曝气8 h,可达到80%的去除效果;SBR反应器对TP的去除率在10%～40%之间。当进水为吹脱稀释原水,COD浓度在1 000～1 500 mg/L,保持DO值在2～3 mg/L,反应周期8 h,能够达到SBR反应器的最佳运行工况,COD去除率可达80%。     

Total cost analysis: An alternative to benefit-cost analysis in evaluating transportation alternatives

This paper explains the theory in support of total cost analysis (TCA) to compare transportation system alternatives. The full costs of each alternative are first aggregated, including travel time costs and monetizable environmental and social costs. Many costs which are considered on the benefits side of the equation in benefit-cost analysis (BCA) as "cost savings" are brought over to the costs side. Total cost differences among alternatives are then traded off against their estimated non-monetized benefits or impacts, just as a consumer trades off product quality against cost before deciding which product he or she will buy. One advantage of TCA over traditional BCA is that the concept of "total cost" is more easily understood by the public and by political decision-makers than BCA concepts such as "net present worth", "benefit-cost ratio" and "internal rate of return". A second advantage is that there is no suggestion that all "benefits" have been considered; decision-makers are free to use their own value judgements to trade off total cost against non-monetizable social, environmental and economic impacts, just as they trade off quality and convenience against cost when purchasing goods and services in their roles as consumers. The TCA approach is demonstrated in this paper through a case study of two systemwide alternatives for the Baltimore, MD urban area.     

Regulatory reform and freight mode choice

Reform of trucking Vehicle Weights and Dimensions (VWD) regulations in Canada is now underway. The effect these reforms will have on the freight transportation industry are only recently the subject of research. This paper is part of this new research effort, aimed at understanding how regulatory reform in the trucking sector will affect the existing competitive relationship between trucks and the railways. The paper presents the results of study and research into modelling the relationship between mode choice and the service characteristics that are affected by VWD reform.Using several periods of data, a series of econometric models are developed which help to elucidate the relative relationships between the mode service characteristics for both of the principal interprovincial freight modes. A technique is developed and presented to model railway user costs in order to overcome the complex and often unrepresentable pricing activities of Canadian railways.The strength of the developed econometric models is presented, including their significance and statistical reliability. This is further reinforced by the similarities exhibited by all the models in the series. The selected model is applied to predict market service responses required of the railway industry in order to compete with the trucking sector now adapting to the new regulations.The impact of the newly implemented vehicle weight and dimension reform on the rail transportation industry is analyzed and railway industry improvements aimed at maintaining its market share are presented. The results predicted by the model show that railway user cost reductions should be moderate, and likely less than the level of inflation over the period of time when trucking converts its fleet to take advantage of the new regulations.Abbreviations AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials - CCMTA Canadian Conference of Motor Transport Administrators - EPI End products, inedible commodity classification - GVW Gross Vehicle Weight - NA 1988 VWD National Agreement - RTAC Roads and Transportation Association of Canada - VWD Vehicle Weight(s) and Dimension(s) - WA 1988 VWD Western Agreement