非金属超声测试技术初步研究

超声波在非金属测试中用途非常广泛。研究内容是实验室内超声检测技术试验,包括仪器稳定性、空气和混凝土块的超声测试。在深入调研相关资料和现有研究成果的基础上,得到了一些有益的结论。     

A multi-commodity Lighthill–Whitham–Richards model of lane-changing traffic flow

Systematic lane changes can seriously deteriorate traffic safety and efficiency inside lane-drop, merge, and other bottleneck areas. In our previous studies (Jin, 2010a, Jin, 2010b), a phenomenological model of lane-changing traffic flow was proposed, calibrated, and analyzed based on a new concept of lane-changing intensity. In this study, we further consider weaving and non-weaving vehicles as two commodities and develop a multi-commodity, behavioral Lighthill–Whitham–Richards (LWR) model of lane-changing traffic flow. Based on a macroscopic model of lane-changing behaviors, we derive a fundamental diagram with parameters determined by car-following and lane-changing characteristics as well as road geometry and traffic composition. We further calibrate and validate fundamental diagrams corresponding to a triangular car-following fundamental diagram with NGSIM data. We introduce an entropy condition for the multi-commodity LWR model and solve the Riemann problem inside a homogeneous lane-changing area. From the Riemann solutions, we derive a flux function in terms of traffic demand and supply. Then we apply the model to study lane-changing traffic dynamics inside a lane-drop area and show that the smoothing effect of HOV lanes is consistent with observations in existing studies. The new theory of lane-changing traffic flow can be readily incorporated into Cell Transmission Model, and this study could lead to better strategies for mitigating bottleneck effects of lane-changing traffic flow.     

A kinematic wave approach to traffic statics and dynamics in a double-ring network

Recently there has been much interest in understanding macroscopic fundamental diagrams of stationary road networks. However, there lacks a systematic method to define and solve stationary states in a road network with complex junctions. In this study we propose a kinematic wave approach to defining, analyzing, and simulating static and dynamic traffic characteristics in a network of two ring roads connected by a 2 × 2 junction, which can be either an uninterrupted interchange or a signalized intersection. This study is enabled by recently developed macroscopic junction models of general junctions. With a junction model based on fair merging and first-in-first-out diverging rules, we first define and solve stationary states and then derive the macroscopic fundamental diagram (MFD) of a stationary uninterrupted network. We conclude that the flow-density relationship of the uninterrupted double-ring network is not unique for high average network densities (i.e., when one ring becomes congested) and unveil the existence of infinitely many stationary states that can arise with a zero-speed shockwave. From simulation results with a corresponding Cell Transmission Model, we verify that all stationary states in the MFD are stable and can be reached, but show that randomness in the retaining ratio of each ring drives the network to more symmetric traffic patterns and higher flow-rates. Furthermore we model a signalized intersection as two alternate diverge junctions and demonstrate that the signalized double-ring network can reach asymptotically periodic traffic patterns, which are therefore defined as “stationary” states in signalized networks. With simulations we show that the flow-density relation is well defined in such “stationary” states, and asymptotic traffic patterns can be impacted by signal cycle lengths and retaining ratios. But compared with uninterrupted interchanges, signalized intersections lead to more asymmetric traffic patterns, lower flow-rates, and even gridlocks when the average density is higher than half of the jam density. The results are consistent between this study and existing studies, but the network kinematic wave model, with appropriate junction models, is mathematically tractable and physically meaningful. It has offered a more complete picture regarding the number and type of stationary states, their stability, and MFD in freeway and signalized networks.     

管道超声导波检测技术

介绍了管道超声导渡检测技术的理论基础，指出了这一检测方法的技术关键；同时对现有已用于工程应用的导波检测设备与导渡检测实验系统作了描述和对比；总结了目前成熟的缺陷识别定位方法，在此基础上，对管道超声导波检测技术的广泛应用提出几点展望。     

峡谷地形隔震效应及减灾选线对策

在困难山区,峡谷是铁路、公路常利用的交通廊道,但峡谷往往也是震害集中的地段,目前有关峡谷地形对地震波传播特性的影响研究甚少。基于波动理论,分析得出峡谷切割深度越深,对Rayleigh波高频成分的屏蔽频率范围越广;峡谷越陡,对散射波的强度削减效应越显著;从而地震波的强度在峡谷两侧具有显著的差异,即在地震波入射一侧的振动强度大于另一侧。上述结论得到了芦山地震震害现象以及苏克拉峡谷地震记录仪观测资料的检验,可为减灾选线设计提供理论依据。     

利用道岔条件实现可动渡线的轨道区段检测方案

以计轴在跨坐式轻轨中的运用,提出利用道岔条件实现可动渡线的轨道区段检测方法及思路.     

基于直线电机的“章鱼”型波浪能发电装置

在比较现有波浪能发电技术优缺点的基础上提出一种基于直线电机的“章鱼”型波浪能发电装置.以我国东海海区浙江省海域为例,当触脚功率为10 kW,平均水深为10 m,100 m长的海面沿线上,定量计算得到5个装置的理论波能利用率约63％.同时,该装置具有结构简单、有功功率高以及安装维护方便等优点,在波浪能领域具有广阔的应用和发展前景.     

东中国海波浪分布特征研究

以美国国家环境预报中心(NCEP)再分析气象资料作为驱动风场条件,运用第三代海浪模式WAM的第四版本(WAMC4)在西北太平洋海域建立二级嵌套波浪模型,利用连云港、冷家沙现场观测波浪资料对模型进行了验证,检验了该模型在东中国海波浪研究中的适用性针对东中国海进行了连续60年(1950—2909)的波浪后报模拟,在此基础上开展了东中国海波浪时空分布特征研究.结果表明:四季的平均有效波高等值线与岸线形状基本保持一致,且由南向北逐渐递减;有效波高分布的季节差异显著,冬季浪高最大,其次为秋季,春季、夏季最小。通过对比分析平均波浪要素和5%累积频率波浪要素的定量关系发现,在渤海范围内,5%累积频率有效波高与平均有效波高之比约为2.75,黄海与东海大部该比值则分别约为2.50和2.35,而5%累积频率平均周期与平均周期的比值在整个东中国海范围内约为1.45。     

高速公路重大交通事故时空影响范围研究

据交通波理论和Greenshild流量—密度曲线,建立了事故状态下的交通分析模型。将事故的持续过程和消散过程分解为4个时区：扩展时区、稳定时区、启动时区和消解时区。考虑了对出入口采取限流和分流控制措施后,分流波对事故影响线运动的影响,得到了扩展时区、稳定时区与启动时区的时空影响范围。根据车流状态恢复初期,交通流特性将沿流量—密度曲线作非线性变化,达到稳定后作线性变化,推导了事故影响线消散时空影响范围,从而得到了事故全过程的解析解。结果显示：分流后事故空间影响范围将减小79.4%,从事故解除到恢复到事发前运行状态共需16 min。     

行波效应对铁路斜拉桥地震反应的影响

阐述了应用大质量法模拟行波效应的基本原理,推导了大跨度桥梁考虑行波效应影响的分析模型及求解方法.以某一实际铁路大跨斜拉桥为工程背景,分析了在不同的视波速下的行波效应对斜拉桥主塔地震反应的影响,并与一致激励下的结果进行了对比.结果表明:行波效应对铁路斜拉桥主塔的地震反应影响较为显著,进行抗震设计时,应重视行波效应对主塔的不利影响.