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31.
32.
货车是我国大气环境污染的重要来源之一,也是影响我国碳达峰总体目标实现的重要因
素。本文从货车运营环节入手,在运用生长曲线函数对货车保有量进行预测的基础上,对不同类
型货车的保有量和单车碳排放变化进行研究,并从货车节能技术发展、新能源货车推广和应用进
程两方面入手,分3种情景对货车运营环节中产生的碳排放总量趋势进行预判,推演货车运营环
节的碳达峰时间。研究结果表明,只有同时加快货车节能技术发展以及新能源货车推广和应用
进程,货车运营环节中产生的碳排放总量规模才能得到有效抑制并逐渐减少。若到 2030 年货
车单车燃料消耗水平较 2019 年降低 20%以上,新能源货车在货车整体保有量中的占比达到
20%,到 2060 年货车单车燃料消耗水平较 2019 年降低 50%,新能源货车占比达到 50%,则货车
运营环节碳达峰时间将缩短至2030年左右实现,2030年后货车运营环节产生的碳排放总量规
模将逐渐减少。 相似文献
33.
高速铁路轨道在雷击或故障冲击电流作用下会产生暂态冲击过电压,该过电压的大小由轨道的波阻抗决定。通过建立高速铁路线路的仿真模型,分析直角冲击波在轨道上的传播与折反射过程,提出轨道的波阻抗的计算方法,研究钢轨类型、土壤电阻率、钢轨对地过渡电阻对波阻抗的影响。结果表明:P60型轨道波阻抗数值为235. 55Ω;轨道的波阻抗主要受钢轨类型和土壤电阻率的影响,高速铁路轨道的波阻抗在在210~250Ω变化;在高速铁路轨道仿真模型中,线路末端电阻等于波阻抗时,可以有效地消除折反射对仿真结果的影响,末端电阻的取值不需要考虑钢轨地过渡电阻的影响。研究给出高速铁路轨道波阻抗的范围及仿真模型中末端电阻的取值方法,可以为轨道过电压计算、分析与仿真提供理论与方法参考。 相似文献
34.
Intercity passenger trips constitute a significant source of energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, and criteria pollutant emissions. The most commonly used city-to-city modes in the United States include aircraft, intercity bus, and automobile. This study applies state-of-the-practice models to assess life-cycle fuel consumption and pollutant emissions for intercity trips via aircraft, intercity bus, and automobile. The analyses compare the fuel and emissions impacts of different travel mode scenarios for intercity trips ranging from 200 to 1600 km. Because these modes operate differently with respect to engine technology, fuel type, and vehicle capacity, the modeling techniques and modeling boundaries vary significantly across modes. For aviation systems, much of the energy and emissions are associated with auxiliary equipment activities, infrastructure power supply, and terminal activities, in addition to the vehicle operations between origin/destination. Furthermore, one should not ignore the embodied energy and initial emissions from the manufacturing of the vehicles, and the construction of airports, bus stations, highways and parking lots. Passenger loading factors and travel distances also significantly influence fuel and emissions results on a per-traveler basis. The results show intercity bus is generally the most fuel-efficient mode and produced the lowest per-passenger-trip emissions for the entire range of trip distances examined. Aviation is not a fuel-efficient mode for short trips (<500 km), primarily due to the large energy impacts associated with takeoff and landing, and to some extent from the emissions of ground support equipment associated with any trip distance. However, aviation is more energy efficient and produces less emissions per-passenger-trip than low-occupancy automobiles for trip distances longer than 700–800 km. This study will help inform policy makers and transportation system operators about how differently each intercity system perform across all activities, and provides a basis for future policies designed to encourage mode shifts by range of service. The estimation procedures used in this study can serve as a reference for future analyses of transportation scenarios. 相似文献
35.
The reliability of an offshore structure is dependent on its response to the extreme wave climate; therefore, an adequate knowledge of the wave climate at a location is a prerequisite during design as well as in marine operations. This study aims to contribute to the knowledge of the extreme wave climate in the Norwegian Sector of the Barents Sea, using wave hindcast datasets from the Norwegian Reanalysis 10 km (NORA10) database for four locations.We have considered three commonly used methods for the estimation of extreme wave heights, that is, the initial distribution method, the peak over threshold method, and the annual maxima method. The parametric bootstrap concept is considered in the estimation of the epistemic uncertainty related to sample size. The estimated 100-year significant wave heights obtained from the three methods differ, and the degree of variability in the estimates varies, depending on the dataset. The epistemic uncertainty due to sample size is wider when considering the annual maxima method.The estimates obtained from the three methods show the importance of considering different methods and their associated uncertainties when estimating extreme wave values for design. While it is difficult to single out the best method among the three, the estimated values give knowledge of the possible range of the extreme significant wave heights at the locations. Generally, the datasets considered in this study suggest that the wave climate is less harsh further north compared to the southern region of the Barents Sea. The datasets do not suggest any temporal trends in the historical significant wave heights at any of the locations. 相似文献
36.
Biodiesel use in local public transport could be especially significant in improving air quality in cities. The purpose of the experiments described in this paper was to evaluate the various (10, 20 and 50%) blends of biodiesel with diesel in the context of the engine and pollution aspects. As regards the experimental use of these findings on municipal buses, these experiments were the first reference in Hungary. The ages (15–20 years) and types of buses (Ikarus-280, Ikarus-260) used in the experiments are still common vehicles in Hungarian public transport. During our measurements, there was a significant difference between the change in fuel consumption of articulated and solo buses in traffic when compared to test bench measurements. The proportion of the engine performance reduction is nearly the same as that for biodiesel share in the blends. Most pollutants were decreasing (both at idle and full rpm), but this reduction is not directly proportional to the increase of the blending percentage. However, as for CO2, emission increase was observed in the case of idle rpm in comparison to normal diesel operation, even though this phenomenon was not due to biodiesel use, but the catalytic converter and the fact that biodiesel was used for the first time in the engine concerned. 相似文献
37.
Temperature-controlled transport is needed to maintain the quality of products such as fresh and frozen foods and pharmaceuticals. Road transportation is responsible for a considerable part of global emissions. Temperature-controlled transportation exhausts even more emissions than ambient temperature transport because of the extra fuel requirements for cooling and because of leakage of refrigerant. The transportation sector is under pressure to improve both its environmental and economic performance. To explore opportunities to reach this goal, the Load-Dependent Vehicle Routing Problem (LDVRP) model has been developed to optimize routing decisions taking into account fuel consumption and emissions related to the load of the vehicle. However, this model does not take refrigeration related emissions into account. We therefore propose an extension of the LDVRP model to optimize routing decisions and to account for refrigeration emissions in temperature-controlled transportation systems. This extended LDVRP model is applied in a case study in the Dutch frozen food industry. We show that taking the emissions caused by refrigeration in road transportation can result in different optimal routes and speeds compared with the LDVRP model and the standard Vehicle Routing Problem model. Moreover, taking the emissions caused by refrigeration into account improves the estimation of emissions related to temperature-controlled transportation. This model can help to reduce emissions of temperature-controlled road transportation. 相似文献
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在单缸机上利用内窥镜技术观察到了起动过程中缸内有窜机油的现象。采用图像分析和试验验证相结合的方法,分析了缸内窜机油现象发生的原因,研究了转速和进气压力对柴油机起动倒拖工况下缸内窜机油现象的影响,研究了起动着火运行时缸内的窜机油现象以及炭烟排放特性。研究表明:柴油机高转速起动倒拖工况下,在压缩上止点前后以及排气上止点后均有机油窜入缸内;当转速升高时,窜入缸内的机油量增加;当缸内压力升高时,窜入缸内的机油量减少;在起动着火过程中,运行初期缸内出现窜机油现象,随着发动机运行时间增加,窜机油现象消失,炭烟减少。 相似文献