模拟沥青加铺层反射裂缝扩展的MTS疲劳试验

目前国内外道路工程界对用于防止旧水泥混凝土路面沥青加铺层反射裂缝结构和材料的研究仍处于探索与试验阶段。本文采用M TS模拟水泥混凝土板沥青加铺层弯拉型和剪切型反射裂缝扩展过程,评价不同防裂材料的阻裂效果,为优选沥青加铺层结构提供依据。     

共同配送实施分形管理的策略研究

传统的以配送企业为基本单元,以层递方式进行决策管理的共同配送模式难以适应个性化、快捷化的市场要求。从分析企业分形管理的实质入手,剖析了企业分形元的结构及其活动空间,对分形元进行划分,明确了分形元的运作模式和交流机制。并基于共同配送的内涵,阐明共同配送合作机构的层次性、自相似的结构特点,最后提出共同配送实施分形管理的策略。     

沥青路面结构行为方程中材料影响系数的确定方法

沥青路面的结构行为方程为基于性能的沥青路面结构设计方法奠定了良好的理论基础,但先前的研究仅较好地考虑了荷载、环境和结构等因素对沥青路面使用性能的影响,而对材料因素的影响考虑得较为粗略。鉴于材料影响的复杂性,论文从较为宏观的角度通过改性沥青和普通沥青结构行为方程和现场疲劳方程的建立给出改性沥青影响系数与改性-普通沥青寿命比值的关系,从而利用此关系以及通过试验获得的改性沥青和普通沥青混凝土的疲劳方程即可确定结构行为方程中的材料影响系数。     

级配碎石裂缝缓解层防裂机理及足尺疲劳试验

反射裂缝是旧水泥混凝土路面沥青加铺层的主要病害之一,目前尚无理想的解决方法,针对这一问题,提出了采用级配碎石作为裂缝缓解层的方法。对级配碎石层的防裂机理进行了分析,采用大型反射裂缝试验台架进行了设置级配碎石层及其他对比结构层的加铺层疲劳破坏试验,模拟了沥青加铺层荷载型及温度型反射裂缝的产生、发展过程。结果表明,级配碎石防裂效果最好,玻纤格栅和土工布的防裂效果次之,普通沥青混凝土加铺层防裂效果最差。     

Modelling of wheels and rail discontinuities in dynamic wheel-rail contact analysis

A classification of wheel-rail contact is given. Difference is made between modelling of a running wheel with continuous single-point-contact, as is common practice in wheel-rail contact analysis, and a wheel with transient double- or multi-point-contact, which may occur for rail irregularities with curvatures larger than that of the wheel circumference. It is shown that application of the first model for these irregularities will strongly underestimate the contact forces as it does not describe occurring mechanisms correctly. Further, it is shown that in principle it is not possible to describe the second type of contact fully correct with a lumped wheel model. Both wheel models are formulated mathematically for some basic contact cases. Afterwards, results are applied to a linear track model. Analytical closed-form solutions are found in the frequency domain for arbitrary type of contact and numerically transformed to the time domain. Finally, the necessity is shown to avoid situations where transient multiple-point-contact may occur (like rail joints) in practice.     

曲轴疲劳试验机自动控制系统的研制

为考核曲轴的弯曲疲劳强度 ,研制了一套由可编程控制器 (PIC)和PC机组成的高效、高自动化的试验装置 ,该装置可模拟曲轴在实际工况下的受力情况 ,测量所受应力的大小和分布等参数。实际应用证明 ,该装置具有较高的可靠性和自动化水平     

采用“预压硬质塑料板槽”设置水泥混凝土路面缩缝的探讨

在水泥混凝土路面施工中，采用压板法和切割法设置横向缩缝，常出现断板、板角破坏和啃边现象。对缩缝板材料的更新改造及施工工艺的选定，可较好地解决上述问题，从而提高了水泥混凝土路面的质量，降低了施工和养护成本，促进了水泥混凝土路面在高等级公路上更加广泛地应用和发展。     

钢桥桥面沥青铺装层直道试验研究

在钢桥模型上进行了6种沥青混合料铺装层直道疲劳试验和高温车辙试验，研究了重复加载过程中应变变化规律，分析了桥面铺装层疲劳开裂性能，比较了各方案高温稳定性能。     

Fatigue damage calculation for oil tanker and container ship structures

The fatigue behaviour of longitudinal stiffeners of oil tankers and container ships, subjected to dynamic loads, is analysed. The following dynamic load components are considered: hull girder vertical wave bending moment, alone and combined with the horizontal wave bending moment, hydrodynamic pressure and inertial forces caused by cargo acceleration.

The spectral method was selected to calculate the fatigue damage, based on S—N curves and Miner's rule. Following this approach, the fatigue damage may be calculated as a function of a stress parameter Ω_p, which represents the cumulative effect of wave induced loads in the unit of time and incorporates the combined effects of stress level and its occurring frequency.

Simple formulas for Ω_p of oil tankers and container ships are given, obtained from the results of hydrodynamic analyses performed on several ships, in different wave environments.

Several examples show the applicability of the methods to real ship structures. The method, however, still needs to be calibrated because of the simplifying hypotheses introduced in the loading conditions.     

钢桥面板纵肋顶板焊缝疲劳裂纹扩展的关键影响因素

正交异性钢桥面板疲劳问题突出，纵肋与顶板焊缝处是其关键疲劳易损部位，研究该部位疲劳裂纹的扩展过程并确定关键影响因素及其效应，有助于深刻理解其疲劳损伤机理。建立正交异性钢桥面板疲劳试验节段模型的有限元分析模型，将纵肋与顶板焊缝焊根处的疲劳裂纹近似为半椭圆形裂纹，基于断裂力学实现其扩展全过程的三维数值模拟。在此基础上研究初始裂纹的纵向位置和初始裂纹形状对疲劳裂纹扩展过程的影响，阐明扩展过程中的疲劳裂纹的形状变化，以及疲劳裂纹关键部位应力强度因子幅值的变化规律。研究表明：对于典型的正交异性钢桥面板纵肋与顶板焊缝，在纵向一段范围内，初始裂纹的纵向位置对裂纹扩展的影响不大；初始裂纹形状对裂纹扩展的影响主要体现在裂纹扩展的初始阶段，经过一段时间的扩展之后，不同形状的初始裂纹将演变为相对稳定的形状；持续一段时间后，裂纹将逐渐变得较为扁长；疲劳裂纹在深度方向上扩展超过约顶板厚度一半时，最深点的扩展速率将会减慢；深度相同的裂纹，形状越扁长时越倾向于向深度方向扩展，越不扁长时越倾向于向长度方向扩展。