冻融循环条件下盐渍化风积沙力学特性

为研究季冻区沙漠边缘盐渍化风积沙力学特性,在冻融循环条件下对不同含盐量风积沙开展了三轴不固结不排水剪切试验,为研究冻融循环后不同含盐量风积沙应力-应变关系曲线与抗剪强度的劣化规律,提出了一种考虑围压与冻融循环次数条件下修正的邓肯-张模型,并引入抗剪强度劣化度描述风积沙强度衰减速度,提出了冻融循环次数与含盐量对风积沙抗剪强度的耦合作用计算公式。研究结果表明：不同冻融循环次数、含盐量与围压下风积沙应力-应变曲线均表现为应变软化型,冻融循环状态下的盐渍化风积沙受到温度与盐分的耦合作用,随着冻融循环次数与含盐量的增加,风积沙应变软化速率显著降低;修正的邓肯-张模型可以较好地描述风积沙应变软化特征,不同冻融循环次数下风积沙初始回弹模量随围压增大而增大,随冻融循环次数增加先减小后缓慢增加;在冻融条件下,无盐风积沙抗剪强度劣化速率较慢,而对于含盐风积沙,土中的盐分与水分相变加快了风积沙抗剪强度的劣化速率,使得风积沙抗剪强度迅速降低;对于不同围压下的风积沙,其强度变化规律相似,即在经历初次冻融循环后抗剪强度显著下降,并随着冻融循环次数的增加,强度劣化速率逐渐趋于稳定,风积沙抗剪强度劣化度随冻融循环次数增加呈双曲线递增,随含盐量的增大呈线性递增趋势。     

图ω（4g,4h＋3）的（r1,r2,···,r（4g,4h＋2））-冠的优美性

给出了ω4g,4h＋3的（r1,r2,…,r4g,4h＋2）-冠的定义,讨论了ω4g,4h＋3的（r1,r2,…,r4g,4h＋2）-冠的优美性,用构造性的方法给出了一些特殊的ω4g,4h＋3的（r1,r2,…,r4g,4h＋2）-冠的优美标号。证明了一些特殊的ω4g,4h＋3的（r1,r2,…,r4g,4h＋2）-冠是交错图。     

全寿命费用的DEA优化逐步回归分析法及其应用

在全寿命费用估算建模领域,逐步回归能对多因素进行筛选,克服了建模因素之间的多重相关性对最小二乘估计的干扰。逐步回归分析法本质上是对数据平均趋势的估算,无法避免“由失真数据得到无效模型”的根本问题。为此,提出用数据包络分析（DEA）优化逐步回归的建模方法,用DEA方法对数据进行评价,剔除无效数据,将有效的数据用来逐步回归建模。该方法能有效克服干扰数据对提取成分的影响,弥补逐步回归方法的不足。通过实例计算并与逐步回归、多元线性回归比较分析,DEA优化逐步回归建模精度为2．64％,高于逐步回归的3．39％和多元线性回归的3．49％,具有实用价值。     

宫颈粘液超氧化物歧化酶活性及其在月经周期中的变化规律

为探索宫颈粘液中是否存在超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase,SOD),并了解其在月经周期中的变化规律,本研究对24例月经周期正常妇女的26个月经周期中宫颈粘液SOD活性进行连续测定。结果表明:宫颈粘液呈现SOD活性,在月经周期中发生特定变化;卵泡期与雌激素呈负相关,黄体期与孕激素呈正相关,排卵前SOD活性骤降,围排卵期呈低水平。提示:①宫颈粘液存在SOD,且具有活性,在生殖调节中可能发挥一定作用。②宫颈粘液SOD活性在排卵前骤降可做为预测排卵的指标。     

In-use measurement of the activity, fuel use, and emissions of eight cement mixer trucks operated on each of petroleum diesel and soy-based B20 biodiesel

In-use micro-scale fuel use and emission rates were measured for eight cement mixer trucks using a portable emission measurement system. Each vehicle was tested on petroleum diesel and B20 biodiesel. Average fuel use and emission rates increase monotonically versus engine manifold absolute pressure. A typical duty cycle includes loading at a cement plant, transit while loaded from the cement plant to work site, creeping in a queue of vehicles at the worksite, unloading, and transit without load from the site to the plant. For B20 versus petroleum diesel, there is no significant change in the rate of fuel use, CO₂ emissions, and NO emissions, and significant decreases in emissions for CO, hydrocarbons, and particulate matter. For loaded versus unloaded onroad travel, fuel use and CO₂ emissions rates are approximately 60% higher and the rates for other pollutants are approximately 30–50% higher. A substantial portion of cycle emissions occurred at the work site. Inter-vehicle and intra-cycle variability are also quantified using the micro-scale methodology.     

Planktonic community structure and carbon cycling in the Arabian Sea as a result of monsoonal forcing: the application of a generic model

The Arabian Sea exhibits a complex pattern of biogeochemical and ecological dynamics, which vary both seasonally and spatially. These dynamics have been studied using a one-dimensional vertical hydrodynamic model coupled to a complex ecosystem model, simulating the annual cycle at three contrasting stations. These stations are characterised by seasonally upwelling, mixed-layer-deepening and a-seasonal oligotrophic conditions, respectively, and coincide with extensively measured stations on the two JGOFS ARABESQUE cruises in 1994. The model reproduces many spatial and temporal trends in production, biomass, physical and chemical properties, both qualitatively and quantitatively and so gives insight into the main mechanisms responsible for the biogeochemical and ecological complexity. Monsoonal systems are typified by classical food web dynamics, whilst intermonsoonal and oligotrophic systems are dominated by the microbial loop. The ecosystem model (ERSEM), developed for temperate regions, is found to be applicable to the Arabian Sea system with little reparameterisation. Differences in in-situ physical forcing are sufficient to recreate contrasting eutrophic and oligotrophic systems, although the lack of lateral terms are probably the greatest source of error in the model. Physics, nutrients, light and grazing are all shown to play a role in controlling production and community structure. Small-celled phytoplanktons are predicted to be dominant and sub-surface chlorophyll maxima are robust centers of production during intermonsoon periods. Analysis of carbon fluxes indicate that physically driven outgassing of CO₂ predominates in monsoonal upwelling systems but ecological activity may significantly moderate CO₂ outgassing in the Arabian Sea interior.     

Implementing a GPU-based numerical algorithm for modelling dynamics of a high-speed train

This paper discusses the initiative of implementing a GPU-based numerical algorithm for studying various phenomena associated with dynamics of a high-speed railway transport. The proposed numerical algorithm for calculating a critical speed of the bogie is based on the first Lyapunov number. Numerical algorithm is validated by analytical results, derived for a simple model. A dynamic model of a carriage connected to a new dual-wheelset flexible bogie is studied for linear and dry friction damping. Numerical results obtained by CPU, MPU and GPU approaches are compared and appropriateness of these methods is discussed.     

Cost scaling based successive approximation algorithm for the traffic assignment problem

This paper presents a cost scaling based successive approximation algorithm, called ε-BA (ε-optimal bush algorithm), to solve the user equilibrium traffic assignment problem by successively refining ε-optimal flows. As ε reduces to zero, the user equilibrium solution is reached. The proposed method is a variant of bush-based algorithms, and also a variant of the min-mean cycle algorithm to solve the min-cost flow by successive approximation. In ε-BA, the restricted master problem, implying traffic equilibration restricted on a bush, is solved to ε-optimality by cost scaling before bush reconstruction. We show that ε-BA can reduce the number of flow operations substantially in contrast to Dial’s Algorithm B, as the former operates flows on a set of deliberately selected cycles whose mean values are sufficiently small. Further, the bushes can be constructed effectively even if the restricted master problem is not solved to a high level of convergence, by leveraging the ε-optimality condition. As a result, the algorithm can solve a highly precise solution with faster convergence on large-scale networks compared to our implementation of Dial’s Algorithm B.     

Transport energy consumption in mountainous roads. A comparative case study for internal combustion engines and electric vehicles in Andorra

This paper analyses transport energy consumption of conventional and electric vehicles in mountainous roads. A standard round trip in Andorra has been modelled in order to characterise vehicle dynamics in hilly regions. Two conventional diesel vehicles and their electric-equivalent models have been simulated and their performances have been compared. Six scenarios have been simulated to study the effects of factors such as orography, traffic congestion and driving style. The European fuel consumption and emissions test and Artemis urban driving cycles, representative of European driving cycles, have also been included in the comparative analysis. The results show that road grade has a major impact on fuel economy, although it affects consumption in different levels depending on the technology analysed. Electric vehicles are less affected by this factor as opposed to conventional vehicles, increasing the potential energy savings in a hypothetical electrification of the car fleet. However, electric vehicle range in mountainous terrains is lower compared to that estimated by manufacturers, a fact that could adversely affect a massive adoption of electric cars in the short term.     

Traffic modelling in system boundary expansion of road pavement life cycle assessment

This paper uses a case study of a UK inter-urban road, to explore the impact of extending the system boundary of road pavement life cycle assessment (LCA) to include increased traffic emissions due to delays during maintenance. Some previous studies have attempted this but have been limited to hypothetical scenarios or simplified traffic modelling, with no validation or sensitivity analysis. In this study, micro-simulation modelling of traffic was used to estimate emissions caused by delays at road works, for several traffic management options. The emissions were compared to those created by the maintenance operation, estimated using an LCA model. In this case study, the extra traffic emissions caused by delays at road works are relatively small, compared to those from the maintenance process, except for hydrocarbon emissions. However, they are generally close to, or above, the materiality threshold recommended in PAS2050 for estimating carbon footprints, and reach 5–10% when traffic flow levels are increased (hypothetically) or when traffic management is imposed outside times of lowest traffic flow. It is recommended, therefore, that emissions due to traffic disruption at road works should be included within the system boundary of road pavement LCA and carbon footprint studies and should be considered in developing guidelines for environmental product declarations of road pavement maintenance products and services.