Carbonate chemistry dynamics and carbon dioxide fluxes across the atmosphere–ice–water interfaces in the Arctic Ocean: Pacific sector of the Arctic

Climatic changes in the Northern Hemisphere have led to remarkable environmental changes in the Arctic Ocean, which is surrounded by permafrost. These changes include significant shrinking of sea-ice cover in summer, increased time between sea-ice break-up and freeze-up, and Arctic surface water freshening and warming associated with melting sea-ice, thawing permafrost, and increased runoff. These changes are commonly attributed to the greenhouse effect resulting from increased atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration and other non-CO₂ radiatively active gases (methane, nitrous oxide). The greenhouse effect should be most pronounced in the Arctic where the largest air CO₂ concentrations and winter–summer variations in the world for a clean background environment were detected. However, the air–land–shelf interaction in the Arctic has a substantial impact on the composition of the overlying atmosphere; as the permafrost thaws, a significant amount of old terrestrial carbon becomes available for biogeochemical cycling and oxidation to CO₂. The Arctic Ocean's role in determining regional CO₂ balance has been ignored, because of its small size (only  4% of the world ocean area) and because its continuous sea-ice cover is considered to impede gaseous exchange with the atmosphere so efficiently that no global climate models include CO₂ exchange over sea-ice. In this paper we show that: (1) the Arctic shelf seas (the Laptev and East-Siberian seas) may become a strong source of atmospheric CO₂ because of oxidation of bio-available eroded terrestrial carbon and river transport; (2) the Chukchi Sea shelf exhibits the strong uptake of atmospheric CO₂; (3) the sea-ice melt ponds and open brine channels form an important spring/summer air CO₂ sink that also must be included in any Arctic regional CO₂ budget. Both the direction and amount of CO₂ transfer between air and sea during open water season may be different from transfer during freezing and thawing, or during winter when CO₂ accumulates beneath Arctic sea-ice; (4) direct measurements beneath the sea ice gave two initial results. First, a drastic pCO₂ decrease from 410 μatm to 288 μatm, which was recorded in February–March beneath the fast ice near Barrow using the SAMI-CO₂ sensor, may reflect increased photosynthetic activity beneath sea-ice just after polar sunrise. Second, new measurements made in summer 2005 beneath the sea ice in the Central Basin show relatively high values of pCO₂ ranging between 425 μatm and 475 μatm, values, which are larger than the mean atmospheric value in the Arctic in summertime. The sources of those high values are supposed to be: high rates of bacterial respiration, import of the Upper Halocline Water (UHW) from the Chukchi Sea (CS) where values of pCO₂ range between 400 and 600 μatm, a contribution from the Lena river plume, or any combination of these sources.     

驾驶循环对车辆能量经济性影响的研究

本文依据国内外具有代表性的不同驾驶循环对一实际的内燃机汽车和一构思的混合动力电动汽车的能量经济性进行了分析。研究了内燃机和电机的运行工况分布，并利用内燃机的万有特性图和电机及其控制系统的等效率曲线以及各驾驶循环的相关特性分析了产不同结果的原因。最后对内燃机汽车和混合动力电动汽车的能量经济性受驾驶循环的影响情况进行了比较和分析。     

Ecologically based hybrid life cycle analysis of continuously reinforced concrete and hot-mix asphalt pavements

An ecologically-based hybrid life cycle assessment model is used to evaluate the resource consumption and atmospheric emissions of continuously reinforced concrete and a hot-mix asphalt pavements. The cumulative mass and ecological resource consumption values are lower for continuously reinforced concrete, but the median values of cumulative energy and industrial energy consumption were lower for hot-mix asphalt. In addition, the use of reclaimed asphalt pavement results in a higher sensitivity for the ecological resource consumption of hot-mix asphalt compared to that of fly ash when use on the natural capital utilization of continuously reinforced concrete pavement. The cumulative and industrial exergy consumption values are significantly reduced with increases in reclaimed asphalt pavement and fly ash, and the use of low fuel transportation modes.     

水运工程混凝土单面抗冻性能评价指标对比

以盐溶液为腐蚀介质,研究混凝土单面冻融劣化过程中各评价指标的变化规律,通过比较认为,超声波相对动弹性模量较单位表面剥落物总质量更为及时反映混凝土单面冻融破坏状况,对混凝土单面冻融破坏程度更敏感。     

基于BIM的建设工程项目全寿命期集成管理研究

针对传统建设工程项目管理存在的问题,以BIM技术为视角来分析建设工程项目全寿命期集成管理。由于二者存在相似相通之处,通过二者的有机集成,构建基于BIM技术的建设工程项目全寿命期集成管理研究框架,提出BIM技术应用于建设工程项目全寿命期集成管理的建议,期望提高建设工程项目全寿命期集成管理水平,拓展BIM技术应用领域,丰富我国建设工程项目全寿命期集成管理的理论和方法体系。     

在室温及低温下316L、316LN不锈钢单轴低周疲劳特性的研究

本文在室温及低温下对316L、316LN奥氏体不锈钢进行了单独拉压低周疲劳试验及其微结构观察，利用穆斯堡尔谱方法，间接地证实了至今尚未得到试验证实的在316LN不锈钢中存在IS结合体的假设，基于宏观微观试验研究结果，深入研究了不锈钢的单轴低周疲劳特性对合金元素氮和试验温度依赖性的微观机理。     

冻融循环作用下路基边坡稳定性变化研究

为研究冻融循环作用对路基边坡稳定性的影响,建立了路基变形场及应力场的三维数值计算模型,并应用强度折减法求解路基边坡在冻融循环作用后的安全系数,分析了冻融作用范围内路基应力场和变形场的分布规律,得出冻融循环作用次数与路基边坡安全系数的关系。结果表明:冻融循环会改变路基边坡土体的力学性质,从而影响路基边坡的稳定性。路基边坡受到的冻融循环作用是引起路基病害的直接原因,反复的冻融循环作用将引起路基边坡稳定性的降低。     

硫酸盐干湿循环环境对高性能混凝土性能影响

通过开展硫酸盐干湿循环侵蚀环境对五种强度高性能混凝土的侵蚀试验,以抗压强度、电通量、硫酸根离子浓度为相关测试指标,测试经过不同干湿循环次数后混凝土指标的变化情况,研究硫酸盐干湿循环对高性能混凝土的侵蚀特性,提出增强混凝土耐久性的合理建议与措施。     

基于ABAQUS离心叶轮应力的有限元分析

通过对叶轮自然频率的提取可以得到结构的基本周期。将叶轮载荷的施加周期与基本周期作出对比,可确定叶轮的分析类型为瞬态动力响应或稳态静力分析。作为叶轮的稳态静力分析,需要考虑三个问题:起始阶段旋转加速度引起的应力;起始阶段之后恒定旋转速度引起的向心力;上述两项引起应力效应的叠加。通过这些分析能为叶轮选择材料与减重。     

盐冻循环对沥青黏附性的影响研究

主要研究融雪盐对路面材料的影响。首先进行普通沥青、SBS改性沥青、胶粉改性沥青材料室内冻融循环试验,对冻融循环后的各种沥青进行改进的黏附性试验,分析沥青与粗骨料黏附量随冰冻温度、融雪剂浓度和冻融循环次数等因素的变化规律。结果表明：融雪盐环境对沥青的黏附性会产生较大影响,其中冻融循环次数是最大影响因素。