The Offshore Wind Power Debate: Views from Cape Cod

Wind power resources on the eastern U.S. continental shelf are estimated to be over 400 GW, several times the electricity used by U.S. eastern coastal states. The first U.S. developer proposes to build 130 large (40 story tall) wind turbines in Nantucket Sound, just outside Massachusetts state waters. These would provide 420 MW at market prices, enough electricity for most of Cape Cod. The project is opposed by a vigorous and well-financed coalition. Polling shows local public opinion on the project almost equally divided. This article draws on semistructured interviews with residents of Cape Cod to analyze values, beliefs, and logic of supporters and opponents. For example, one value found to lead to opposition is that the ocean is a special place that should be kept natural and free of human intrusion. One line of argument found to lead to support is: The war in Iraq is problematic, this war is “really” over petroleum, Cape Cod generates electricity from oil, therefore, the wind project would improve U.S. security. Based on analysis of the values and reasoning behind our interview data, we identify four issues that are relevant but not currently part of the debate.     

风力机叶片翼型气动特性数值模拟

针对NACA63-215翼型绕流流动建立了二维可压缩湍流模型,利用商业软件NU-MECA进行了相应的数值模拟计算.湍流粘度分别采用基于RANS的Spalart-Allmaras和Baldwin-Lomax两种湍流模型来处理,得出了雷诺数为3×106时,翼型NACA63-215的升力系数和阻力系数随来流攻角的变化关系及压力分布图,并与试验数据进行对比.研究结果表明:Spalart-All-maras湍流模型比Baldwin-Lomax湍流模型在预测翼型失速后气动性能方面更加有效,Spalart-Allmaras湍流模型在大攻角下较易收敛且计算出的翼型气动性能与试验值更接近.     

风对交通设施的作用空气动力学研究现状

风对交通设施的作用是一种十分复杂的现象，随着桥梁结构向着超高、异型和密布等方向发展，导致风对桥梁结构的影响越来越不可忽视。讨论桥梁结构风工程中的风对结构的作用，边界层风洞试验模拟风场特性和基于高频动态天平测力技术的风洞试验技术的国内外研究进展，对进一步研究进行了展望。     

大跨度钢拱肋整体吊装施工

大跨度钢拱肋在以前大都是分三到五段吊装,在空中进行拼接。这种吊装方法的缺点是:(1)在河道中搭设临时支撑,会影响河道通航;(2)施工工期长;(3)空中拼接时,接头的焊缝质量没有在地面焊接好;(4)空中作业多,安全风险增大。该文介绍了上海川杨桥的83m跨系杆拱桥钢拱肋采用整体吊装施工工艺,较好地解决了上述问题。该施工工艺对今后类似工程的施工有一定的参考价值。     

宽幅双箱叠合梁涡振性能及抑振措施试验研究

叠合梁断面通常为气动外形较钝的半开放截面，为漩涡的产生和发展提供了条件，容易发生涡激振动现象。过大振幅的涡激振动会影响行车舒适性，严重时将引起结构疲劳破坏，危及桥梁结构安全。如何有效解决涡激振动问题成为叠合梁桥抗风设计的关键。为了抑制该类主梁断面的涡激振动，以宜宾盐坪坝长江大桥为背景，通过1：60的节段模型风洞试验，研究了风嘴、中央稳定板、封闭栏杆、裙板、内侧隔流板、箱梁下导流板等常见措施对双箱叠合梁断面涡激振动性能的影响。研究结果表明：封闭斜拉索防护栏杆、内侧隔流板、梁底稳定板等措施均可不同程度地降低主梁的涡振振幅，但仍无法满足桥梁的抗风设计要求；竖直裙板可以使-3°和0°攻角下主梁的涡激振动消失，但对3°攻角的减振效果有限；在叠合梁中应用广泛的传统整体式风嘴无法降低宽幅双箱叠合梁的涡振振幅；采用安装在箱梁侧下方的三角形风嘴可以减弱箱梁边缘的流动分离，优化梁体的气动外形，从而使断面在各个风攻角下的涡振振幅大幅降低。将三角形风嘴与封闭斜拉索防护栏杆的方案组合后，可进一步降低主梁的涡振振幅，满足抗风设计的要求。所提出的叠合梁涡振抑振措施具有较好的工程适用性，可为同类桥梁的抗风设计提供借鉴。     

路堤上运行的高速列车在侧风下的流场结构及气动性能

强侧风产生的气动力时高速列车的运行安全性有显著的影响。基于三维、定常、不可压N-S方程以及k-ε双方程湍流模型,采用有限体积法,对侧风作用下路堤上运行的高速列车进行数值模拟计算,所模拟的列车时速达350 km。通过分析侧风条件下列车周围的流场结构,得到了风速、车速与气动力之间的变化关系。研究结果表明,尽管所计算的列车外表几何形状简单,但其流场仍然非常复杂,列车背风侧将产生数个漩涡,漩涡的位置随车速、风速发生变化。车辆气动力随风速、车速的增加而逐渐增大。头车所受倾覆力矩最大,且其增长率也最大。     

龙门式双主梁架桥机施工抗风性能研究

为明确强风环境下架桥机的抗风性能,以龙门式双主梁架桥机为对象,利用ANSYS软件建模,采用有限元方法计算分析了不同风速下架桥机的整体稳定性,重点考察了架桥机在不同工作状态时结构由水平和竖向风荷载引起的反力,进而分析了架桥机整体的抗滑移性能和抗倾覆性能。结果表明:为确保架桥机在大风区的施工安全性,应该采取必要的防风措施,提出了在墩顶预埋钢筋与架桥机前支腿临时锚固、起重小车起吊适当重量等实用措施。     

挂篮施工上跨城际铁路防护棚架设计

针对高速列车行驶的上空挂篮施工存在的安全隐患难题,采用了防护棚架的设计方案,成功地分离了列车与上跨施工的界面,形成了一个全封闭的施工空间.设计中重点考虑了高速列车通过瞬间产生的气动压力和气动吸力对棚架产生的影响,对各种工况条件下各结构受力状态进行了稳定性验算.     

桥面铺装在墩顶负弯矩处出现病害的原因分析与对策

河北省高速公路石安管理处对于桥面铺装在墩顶负弯矩处出现的裂缝及相关病害进行分析,找出产生问题的主要原因,并在实践中采取行之有效的措施,从根本上解决了裂缝及相关病害的产生,为桥梁养护提供了可靠的经验,有效地延长了桥梁的使用寿命。     

Numerical simulation of wave-induced nonlinear motions of a two-dimensional floating body by the moving particle semi-implicit method

The moving particle semi-implicit (MPS) method was applied to compute nonlinear motions of a floating body influenced by the water on deck. To compute the motions of a rigid body, the fluid pressure at the position of each particle on the body surface was directly integrated in space and the equations of translational and rotational motions were integrated in time to determine the correct position of the rigid-body surface at each time step of the time-domain calculation. The performance of this method was validated through a comparison with measured results in an experiment that was newly conducted using a model of a box-shaped floating body with a small freeboard. Although the overall agreement was good, some discrepancies were observed for a shorter wave period, especially for the drift motion in sway. The effect of numerical resolution on the results was checked by changing the number of particles. With a higher number of particles, no obvious improvement was seen in the global body motions, but the resolution of the local free-surface profile, including the water on deck, was improved.