Emission rates of intermodal rail/road and road-only transportation in Europe: A comprehensive simulation study

Intermodal rail/road transportation combines advantages of both modes of transport and is often seen as an effective approach for reducing the environmental impact of freight transportation. This is because it is often expected that rail transportation emits less greenhouse gases than road transportation. However, the actual emissions of both modes of transport depend on various factors like vehicle type, traction type, fuel emission factors, payload utilization, slope profile or traffic conditions. Still, comprehensive experimental results for estimating emission rates from heavy and voluminous goods in large-scale transportation systems are hardly available so far. This study describes an intermodal rail/road network model that covers the majority of European countries. Using this network model, we estimate emission rates with a mesoscopic model within and between the considered countries by conducting a large-scale simulation of road-only transports and intermodal transports. We show that there are high variations of emission rates for both road-only transportation and intermodal rail/road transportation over the different transport relations in Europe. We found that intermodal routing is more eco-friendly than road-only routing for more than 90% of the simulated shipments. Again, this value varies strongly among country pairs.     

Formulating cargo inventory costs for liner shipping network design

This study examines how to incorporate the inventory costs of containerized cargoes into existing liner service planning models such that the designed networks could be improved while not causing extra modeling/computational burden. Two approaches are compared: (i) not considering the inventory costs at all and (ii) incorporating the inventory costs associated with onboard time and those related to transshipment by assuming a fixed connection time. The two models are compared with the ideal model capturing the exact inventory costs on a route choice problem and a capacity planning problem based on extensive randomly generated and practical numerical experiments. The results show that: first, ignoring the inventory costs in service planning models may lead to network design with much higher costs (poor network design decisions); second, in service planning models assuming weekly frequency, the inventory costs associated with onboard time could be formulated exactly, and those related to the connection time of weekly services could be approximated by assuming fixed connection time of 3.5 days for ports with 1 day’s minimum connection time and 4.5 days for ports with 2 days’ minimum connection time.     

Large-scale evacuation network optimization: a bi-level control method with uncertain arterial demand

To improve the efficiency of large-scale evacuations, a network aggregation method and a bi-level optimization control method are proposed in this paper. The network aggregation method indicates the uncertain evacuation demand on the arterial sub-network and balances accuracy and efficiency by refining local road sub-networks. The bi-level optimization control method is developed to reconfigure the aggregated network from both supply and demand sides with contraflow and conflict elimination. The main purpose of this control method is to make the arterial sub-network to be served without congestion and interruption. Then, a corresponding bi-objective network flow model is presented in a static manner for an oversaturated network, and a Genetic Algorithm-based solution method is used to solve the evacuation problem. The numerical results from optimizing a city-scale evacuation network for a super typhoon justify the validity and usefulness of the network aggregation and optimization control methods.     

Vulnerability analysis for large-scale and congested road networks with demand uncertainty

To assess the vulnerability of congested road networks, the commonly used full network scan approach is to evaluate all possible scenarios of link closure using a form of traffic assignment. This approach can be computationally burdensome and may not be viable for identifying the most critical links in large-scale networks. In this study, an “impact area” vulnerability analysis approach is proposed to evaluate the consequences of a link closure within its impact area instead of the whole network. The proposed approach can significantly reduce the search space for determining the most critical links in large-scale networks. In addition, a new vulnerability index is introduced to examine properly the consequences of a link closure. The effects of demand uncertainty and heterogeneous travellers’ risk-taking behaviour are explicitly considered. Numerical results for two different road networks show that in practice the proposed approach is more efficient than traditional full scan approach for identifying the same set of critical links. Numerical results also demonstrate that both stochastic demand and travellers’ risk-taking behaviour have significant impacts on network vulnerability analysis, especially under high network congestion and large demand variations. Ignoring their impacts can underestimate the consequences of link closures and misidentify the most critical links.     

基于BP人工神经网络的滑坡预测分析

文章以汶川地震引发的滑坡为研究对象,以震中距、地震烈度、坡度、前缘高程、坡高和岩性等影响坡体稳定性的因素为切入点,利用BP人工神经网络对实际坡体的稳定性进行了预测分析。结果表明,BP人工神经网络方法能有效预测坡体的稳定情况。     

大跨悬索桥MTMD抖振控制的参数优化

针对悬索桥抖振控制问题,建立有限元模型,应用神经网络和遗传算法对多重调频质量阻尼器(MTMD)进行双参数优化。以某大跨悬索桥为例,利用神经网络改进的谐波合成模拟方法(RBF-WAWS法)对脉动风速进行模拟,并换算成抖振力作用主梁上,通过时程分析及后处理获取主跨跨中横桥向响应值。将响应值的均方差作为优化目标函数,以MTMD总质量、个数及阻尼比作为优化变量和约束条件,采用神经网络拟合目标函数并应用改进的自适应遗传算法进行寻优。结果表明,优化后的MTMD能有效控制悬索桥在脉动风作用下的抖振响应,减振率达48%。提出的理论与计算方法对悬索桥中MTMD的设置及参数选取具有实际工程意义。     

船舶电子证书应用及监管思考

对于如何保证船舶证书和技术文件的完整可查,提出相应的船舶电子证书应用及监管思考。介绍船舶电子证书可进一步拓宽无纸化办公领域、提高检验过程的便利性、提高港口检查的高效性,并可大幅减少证书制作成本、缩短寄送时间,有效提升工作效率;同时,可促进相关部门船舶智能化管理的优化升级。     

基于MRF方法和滑移网格的螺旋桨水动力性能研究

本文基于计算流体力学(CFD)方法,对多重参考系模型(MRF)及滑移网格模型(SM)在计算螺旋桨水动力性能时的差异进行了探讨。将以上两种模型应用到4381螺旋桨的水动力性能计算中,首先将计算得到的推力系数及转矩系数与试验数据进行了对比,考察了两种计算模型对螺旋桨的敞水性能的预测情况,并进一步对两种模型计算得到的螺旋桨盘面的速度场、桨叶的压力分布、桨后涡量云图等进行了对比分析。计算结果表明,滑移网格模型相较于多重参考系模型,对螺旋桨的推力系数的模拟结果误差更小,扭矩系数方面,两种模型的模拟结果相差不大;对于进速系数较大时,两种模型模拟得到的压力分布及速度分布较为相似,但对于高负荷情况,滑移网格模型可以更好地捕捉桨叶的压力分布及桨盘面处的速度分布情况;进速系数较小时,多重参考系模型可以模拟出涡结构的发散现象,而滑移网格模型可以更好的在高进速系数情况下捕捉到梢涡结构。     

船舶涂装爬壁机器人系统研究及集成应用

提出一种大型船舶开放性工作面涂装爬壁机器人系统理论设计与应用方法,研究系统本体运行机理并获得满足工作特性的两项必要条件,即轮辐磁吸力及双轮驱动力矩的极小值条件。建立涂装机器人系统的功能组成及控制机理,并结合开放性工作面开展无线定位及自主规划方法研究,形成能够适应喷涂作业的机器人在线路径规划算法。并结合实际开展涂装系统集成应用测试,检测并采集系统运行过程中动力学参数,系统空间坐标轨迹路线等,实现了涂装工作路径的实时在线规划。通过试验验证了文中的系统力学特性分析及定位方法的有效性。     

Developing an enhanced weight-based topological map-matching algorithm for intelligent transport systems

Map-matching (MM) algorithms integrate positioning data from a Global Positioning System (or a number of other positioning sensors) with a spatial road map with the aim of identifying the road segment on which a user (or a vehicle) is travelling and the location on that segment. Amongst the family of MM algorithms consisting of geometric, topological, probabilistic and advanced, topological MM (tMM) algorithms are relatively simple, easy and quick, enabling them to be implemented in real-time. Therefore, a tMM algorithm is used in many navigation devices manufactured by industry. However, existing tMM algorithms have a number of limitations which affect their performance relative to advanced MM algorithms. This paper demonstrates that it is possible by addressing these issues to significantly improve the performance of a tMM algorithm. This paper describes the development of an enhanced weight-based tMM algorithm in which the weights are determined from real-world field data using an optimisation technique. Two new weights for turn-restriction at junctions and link connectivity are introduced to improve the performance of matching, especially at junctions. A new procedure is developed for the initial map-matching process. Two consistency checks are introduced to minimise mismatches. The enhanced map-matching algorithm was tested using field data from dense urban areas and suburban areas. The algorithm identified 96.8% and 95.93% of the links correctly for positioning data collected in urban areas of central London and Washington, DC, respectively. In case of suburban area, in the west of London, the algorithm succeeded with 96.71% correct link identification with a horizontal accuracy of 9.81 m (2σ). This is superior to most existing topological MM algorithms and has the potential to support the navigation modules of many Intelligent Transport System (ITS) services.