基于船舶轴系扭振的船用主机气缸动力输出平衡性分析

基于船用柴油机气缸动力输出平衡性评价的基础理论,对某船开展实船轴系扭振测试,在对轴系扭振时域波形图和扭振数据进行分析和计算的基础上,得出该船主机气缸动力输出不平衡变化曲线及相关结论,为进一步应用船舶轴系扭振进行船用柴油机气缸动力输出平衡性研究提供参考。     

电池管理系统的均衡设计

通过对电池管理系统中被动均衡和主动均衡的效果比较,阐明主动均衡可以大大减小电池组中单体电池一致性的差异,从而提高电池组的使用效率。     

非正规出租车存在下的出租车合理规模研究

现有的出租车合理规模是根据出租车分担率计算得出的,但分担率在调查过程中受抽样比 例、调查方式等因素的影响而存在较大误差,而且现有的出租车规模计算模型均未考虑非正规出 租车分担了部分客运需求的事实,导致规模计算结果普遍偏低。为减少计算偏差,采用全数调查 的方法,并结合出租车计价器的原始数据,直接测定出租车的日均载客人次、运营次数及单次载 客人数等指标,提出在出租车有效行驶里程计算模型中不再考虑出租车分担率指标;基于非正规 出租车客观存在而引入了非正规出租车承运比例指标,建立基于供需平衡的现时出租车合理保有 量计算修正模型。最后通过实证分析验证了修正后的模型是合理和实用的,有利于抑制非正规出 租车非法营运和城市出租车行业的健康发展。     

铁道车辆横向能量回馈式主动悬挂鲁棒控制

为保证一类具有参数不确定的铁道车辆横向能量回馈式主动悬挂系统的稳定性, 通过引入带有交叉乘积项的二次型调节器, 提出了一种鲁棒H∞控制器的设计方法, 并对含摄动的悬挂系统模型进行了鲁棒H∞控制器设计。分析了具有参数摄动的能量回馈式主动悬挂系统的能量平衡条件, 并在MATLAB/SIMULINK下, 对控制系统进行了仿真。仿真结果表明: 不确定闭环系统的结构奇异值峰值为0.867 5, 鲁棒H∞控制器使得能量回馈式主动悬挂系统鲁棒稳定; 车辆模型的共振频率增益降低了40 dB, 悬挂减振性能得到明显改善; 整个仿真过程回收能量为29.5 J, 系统达到了能量平衡。     

三相不平衡度算法的比较研究

  目的  船舶照明配电三相平衡设计是照明系统设计中的重要工作,为提高三相平衡设计的效率和精度,提出基于改进模拟退火（SA）算法的三相平衡优化设计方法。  方法  首先,归纳下级照明分配电箱和上级配电板这2个级别的三相平衡设计最优化模型;然后,对模拟退火算法产生新解的过程进行改进,进而将其用于求解船舶照明分配电箱和配电板的三相平衡设计;最后,采用Matlab平台进行实船验证。  结果  结果表明,采用该方法可以在1 s以内完成4个分配电箱及上级配电板的三相平衡优化设计。  结论  所提方法可用于代替传统照明配电设计中负载三相分配的繁重工作,提高照明系统设计效率。     

一种全平衡式往复压缩机稳定性优势分析

  目的  相对于其他类型的空压机,往复式空压机能够获取更高压力的压缩空气,因而曲柄连杆机构的受力较大。  方法  对比分析3种结构形式的星型往复式空压机惯性力和力矩的特点,得出该型空压机对惯性力有良好的自平衡能力,能在一定程度上减小惯性力矩。建立曲柄连杆机构虚拟样机,将推导的活塞受力构造SPLINE曲线加载到活塞质心,分别将曲轴和连杆柔性化,并将基于IMPACT函数的接触碰撞力模型嵌入到ADAMS虚拟样机中。  结果  动力学仿真结果表明：该型空压机能够自平衡二阶惯性力,曲轴相对于连杆更趋近于柔性体,间隙运动副的存在会抑制某些频率点的振动,但会大大拓宽激振频带。  结论  该分析结果可为空压机的设计提供参考。     

应对空中交通管理服务突发事件的航空器动态接管方法

应对空中交通服务突发事件的航空器接管方案是我国空管应急体系的重要内容,现行方式由相邻管制扇区独立接管失能扇区中的全部航空器,在一定程度上加剧了接管扇区管制员的工作负荷,容易产生安全风险。考虑接管中航空器的有效通讯范围,以及管制员工作负荷水平与航空器疏散时间的共同影响,制定了以接管失能扇区中航空器的总代价最小为目标、管制员负荷增量上限为约束条件的动态接管方案。将航空器视为飞行状态网络中的节点,在三维空间中建立空域失能瞬间的动态接管模型;基于MATLAB构建终端区失能瞬间的仿真空域场景,通过计算代价函数输出接管各航空器的扇区编号;以终端区内的管制员平均负荷和航空器脱离失能扇区的平均时间作为检验指标,对比分析了动态接管方案与现行方案的应用效果。通过仿真发现：该方案与由各扇区独立接管的现行方案相比,尽管少量航空器由于有效通讯范围无法被最优扇区接管,但管制员的平均负荷分别降低了9.8%、12.2%、18.6%;同时,航空器的平均疏散时间减少了56.8%、56.3%、64.0%。动态接管方案既考虑了航空器在紧急事件突发瞬间的位置因素,又满足了管制员负荷增量水平的安全需求,实现了对失能空域内航空器的灵活接管,为空管单位制定更加合理的应急处置策略提供了参考依据。     

客改货飞机载重平衡问题建模与Benders分解算法设计

研究了民航客改货飞机的载重平衡问题,分析了客改货飞机与客机和纯货机在载重平衡问题所存在的差异,建立了具备主货舱指派问题和下货舱背包问题组合优化特性的客改货载重平衡问题的线性整数规划模型,实现业载量最大和配载重心偏离指定目标重心最小的多目标函数,包含了实际操作中客改货机型的货舱及其位置约束、各种质量约束、上下舱联合约束与飞机重心包线约束等;设计了Benders分解算法对该模型求解,把原问题分为主问题和子问题两部分;设计了改进模拟退火算法求解主问题,改进了离散变量的编码、变异以及个体修正等策略;设计了基于逻辑检查的y-check算法,用于检查子问题的上下舱联合限重、重心包线等复杂约束,给出了Benders' Cut约束模型;设计了以B757-200客改货飞机为例的20组不同规模算例,基于Gurobi、Lingo、人工配载和本文提出的算法对模型进行验证。研究结果表明：Gurobi求解质量和速度最好,平均业载量为29 517.3 kg,重心偏差为0.02%,求解时间为0.13 s;人工配载方法最差,平均业载量为27 131.9 kg,重心偏差为5.26%,求解时间为581.75 s;本文提出的算法由于采用了智能启发式算法,平均业载量为28 379.1 kg,与Gurobi和Lingo的最优解相比稍差,但重心偏差为0.05%,可以忽略不计,平均求解速度为20.33 s,远快于Lingo的7 370.65 s。     

An empirical investigation into the time-use and activity patterns of dual-earner couples with and without young children

This paper examines the time-use patterns of adults in dual-earner households with and without children as a function of several individual and household socio-demographics and employment characteristics. A disaggregate activity purpose classification including both in-home and out-of-home activity pursuits is used because of the travel demand relevance of out-of-home pursuits, as well as to examine both mobility-related and general time-use related social exclusion and time poverty issues. The study uses the Nested Multiple Discrete Continuous Extreme Value (MDCNEV) model, which recognizes that time-decisions entail the choice of participating in one or more activity purposes along with the amount of time to invest in each chosen activity purpose, and allows generic correlation structures to account for common unobserved factors that might impact the choice of multiple alternatives. The 2010 American Time Use Survey (ATUS) data is used for the empirical analysis. A major finding of the study is that the presence of a child in dual-earner households not only leads to a reduction in in-home non-work activity participation (excluding child care activities) but also a substantially larger decrease in out-of-home non-work activity participation (excluding child care and shopping activities), suggesting a higher level of mobility-related social exclusion relative to overall time-use social exclusion. To summarize, the results in the paper underscore the importance of considering household structure in activity-based travel demand models, as well as re-designing work policies in the United States to facilitate a reduction in work-family conflict in dual-earner families.     

The impact of land-use mix on residents' travel energy consumption: New evidence from Beijing

Policies that encourage mixed land use are widely believed to make transport more energy efficient. However, few studies have directly examined the impacts of land-use heterogeneity on travel energy consumption at the individual level. Moreover, the definition and measures of land-use heterogeneity are debated. This paper aims to fill these gaps using the large city of Beijing, China, as a case study. Three types of land use are examined in terms of their effects on individual residents’ travel energy consumption. The results suggest that high land-use diversity and a good jobs-housing balance significantly reduces commuting travel. Interestingly, highly heterogeneous retail and housing areas may have high travel energy use, as residents are more likely to go shopping. There are obvious spatial variations in these effects. Residents of suburban ‘newtowns’, where the jobs-housing balance is particularly good, consume less travel energy. The results suggest that decreased use of conventional planning patterns, such as the socialist danwei system, and increasing urban sprawl, bring new challenges to achieving transport efficiency. Mixed land-use policies can be an effective solution to these challenges.