A meta-analysis of Western European external costs estimates

This paper analyses the external transport cost estimates that have been found in various European studies. These estimates seem at first glance to be highly dispersed, a fact which raises questions about their reliability. The article offers a list of the possible reasons for discrepancies between the various studies; differences in the specific situations studied, in the type of cost calculated, in the physical laws relating to emissions, in the measurement of values of external costs. It assesses the relative magnitude of each of these causes through a meta-analysis. It turns out that the main differences come from the specificity of the situation under review and the type of cost calculated. In comparison, differences in the laws and in the values methods have a lower importance. The conclusion is that the estimates of external costs are reliable for decision-making policies.     

板桩码头的有限元解法及计算机处理

介绍采用竖向弹性地基梁法计算板桩码头的要点。     

Parametrical studies of a new numerical model for controlled ship motions in extreme astern seas

Parametrical studies based on numerical simulations were carried out for very steep regular waves to assess possible improvements in the state-of-the art numerical modelling of the control and capsizing behaviour of ships in following and quartering seas. A nonlinear 6-DOF numerical model has been developed with the inclusion of frequency-dependent terms, the so called memory effects, and a flexible axis system that allows straightforward combination of seakeeping and manoeuvring models while accounting for extreme motions. The previously undertaken validation analyses using extensive model test data provided qualitatively good agreement, whereas the comparison with numerical models without coupling of the vertical motions and frequency-dependent hydrodynamic terms embodied in radiation forces identified improvements in the accuracy. However, to broaden the assessment of the numerical model, further parametrical numerical analyses were carried out using two ships, which had previously been tested in the validation analyses, for various operational and environmental conditions. These parameters were changed in accordance with the recommendations from international organisations and experience from model tests to realise and avoid dangerous conditions that often result in capsizing, such as broaching associated with surf riding and low-cycle resonance. As a result of the parametric analysis, we discuss the sensitivity of the improvements in the numerical model for various critical operational and design parameters and its possible use to provide a link between the ship's behavior and these parameters.     

南沙地区真空预压法加固软土地基效果分析

全面分析南沙某真空预压区的监测成果,从土体的变形、孔隙水压的消散、水位的变化加固前后土层土工参数的变化、十字板试验等各方面评价了真空预压加固超软地基的效果,监测结果说明真空预压加固后,土体强度得到明显提高,工后沉降大大减少。     

公路建设中的水土保持措施

以茂湛高速公路观珠至坡心段工程为例，阐述了公路建设中水土保持的必要性、所采取的水土保持技术措施、以及该工程水土保持防治效果，对类似工程有一定的借鉴作用。     

液压联轴节外套理想弹塑性自紧应力分析

本文对液压联轴节外套进行了理想弹塑性自紧应力分析,推导出外套弹塑性自紧卸载后的残余应力公式,得到了全塑性自紧卸载不产生反向屈服的最佳外内径比与鲍辛格效应系数间的关系.对于理想弹塑性材料不考虑材料的鲍辛格效应,此最佳外内径比为2.218,此时自紧压力可高达0.8σs,是非自紧外套弹性极限压力的两倍.若鲍辛格效应系数为0.5,则最佳外内径比为1.545,自紧压力最高可达非自紧外套弹性极限压力的1.5倍.     

铁路节能环保效应评价体系研究

研究目的:从铁路的内部效应自评价指标、行业效应比较评价指标以及社会效益评价指标三个维度,构建一个铁路能源消耗的效应评价指标体系.应用该指标体系,对我国铁路近年来的节能环保效应进行系统的分析,力求全面、客观评价铁路运输在整个交通运输节能环保中所起到的重要作用.研究结论:研究结果显示我国铁路节能环保不仅在数量上取得了明显效应,而且在能耗结构的调整和优化上也取得了初步成效,已开始从数量型节能向质量型节能的转变.     

青藏铁路多年冻土区路基热防护工程效果分析

研究目的:我国青藏铁路的修建充分考虑了对多年冻土的保护,在路基热防护措施中采用了热棒路基,碎(片)石护坡、块石护坡、片石气冷等关键技术。文章对青藏铁路各种路基新结构的地温进行研究,通过地温值计算得出最大融化深度,从各年最大融化深度的对比分析,研究这些措施对保护多年冻土,保证线路安全的作用。研究结论:通过对实测数据的分析得出热防护措施能使路肩下最大融化深度减小。路基新结构的应用对保护多年冻土、降低地温、稳定路基是有效的。     

内燃机车轴承使用寿命期修改建议及预期效果

通过分析内燃机车牵引电动机轴承、轴箱轴承、同步牵引发电机轴承承受载荷与使用寿命的关系,对内燃机车轴承使用寿命期提出了修改建议,并探讨了修改后的预期效果。     

特大城市轨道交通线网规模综合效应测算模型研究

为研究影响特大城市轨道线网规模宏观因素的综合效应机理,在定性分析的基础上进行轨道线网综合效应测算模型的量化研究。在考虑人口、土地、经济与环境4项主要影响因素的基础上,进一步引入城市总体职住不均衡性与轨道交通线网基本形态判别2项指标,依照相关适用性,综合以上各要素,构建线网规模的分段性测算模型,以匡算其合理范围。最后以成都市为例对测算模型的结果进行比较分析,证明所提出的测算模型可行且具有较好的适用性。