令人注目的城际列车舒适度

公交化高速城际列车的开行,标志着铁路列车不仅仅是一个运载旅客的现代化交通工具,而且还是一种提供快捷、安全和舒适乘坐环境的现代化交通工具。专家指出,高速、重载和安全已不再是新世纪现代化铁路交通发展唯一追求的目标,旅客乘坐列车的舒适程度随着人们生活品质的不断提高也有了极大的改善,舒适度正成为铁路车辆设计、制造和运行的一个新课题。国外铁路发展先进国家在列车乘坐舒适度方面有了长足的进步和发展,正值今年8月1日我国第一条京津城际高速铁路开行之际,本文译者介绍了国外先进铁路列车舒适度的最新相关报道,以供有关部门和工程设计人员参考,为我国城际列车设计现代化和国产化提供有益的借鉴。译文中的小标题系译者为方便阅读而添加。     

高速铁路隧道支护参数的计算研究

为探索隧道初期支护安全系数的计算问题,并为高速铁路隧道支护参数优化提供理论依据,根据喷锚支护的性能与特点以及现代隧道力学的基本理论,建立初期支护荷载结构模型和对应的安全系数计算方法; 针对时速350 km高速铁路双线隧道提出的3种不同的初期支护方案（无系统锚杆支护、喷锚结合支护和以锚为主的支护方案）展开适应性研究,计算分析不同埋深（400 m和800 m）条件下初期支护的优化参数以及优化后的二次衬砌承载能力,在此基础上提出优化后的高铁隧道支护参数建议值,并对优化前后的安全系数进行计算与对比。主要结论如下： 1）提出了采用围岩压力代表值作为荷载结构模型设计荷载的方法,为解决设计中围岩压力不确定的问题提供了思路,且所推荐的围岩压力代表值计算方法具有安全性与经济性; 2）提出了3种初期支护计算模型,可以为初期支护构件的选择与量化设计提供一定的理论基础; 3）提出了时速350 km高速铁路双线隧道初期支护方案及优化后的复合式衬砌设计参数,并明确了不同围岩级别、不同埋深时的承载主体; 4）提出了按照不同埋深进行支护结构参数设计的建议。     

车载第4代智能传感器的工作原理及常见检修方法

车载第4代传感器越来越多的应用于车辆上面,由于第4代传感器的工作原理不同,了解和熟悉它的原理变得越来越重要。本文依据对第4代传感器的工作原理和内部电路的分析,以主动轮速传感器为例子,分析了第4代传感器的检修流程和方法,对汽车技术维修有一定的参考价值和指导作用。     

高强度钢筋混凝土快速切割技术在高速铁路连续梁悬臂法施工中的应用

结合合(肥)福(州)高铁连续梁悬臂法施工临时固结解除过程中的特点和要求,介绍了一种以液压绳锯系统为切割手段的新型钢筋混凝土快速切割拆除技术。大量工程案例表明,该技术完全可以满足高速铁路桥梁建设时对施工工期和质量的要求。     

Study of Tunneling Technology in Tertiary Sandy Mudstone Strata with Rich Water under High Pressure: Case Study of Shuangfeng Tunnel of Mudanjiang Suifenhe Railway（第三系高压富水砂泥岩地层隧道技术研究——以牡绥铁路双丰隧道为例）

In order to deal with the technical problems of Shuangfeng Tunnel passing through water rich Tertiary sandy mudstone strata with long distance and big overburden, such as dewatering, advance reinforcement, structural design and construction method etc., reducing tunnel deformation, preventing water inrush, gushing mud and tunnel collapse, the technical route of "stereo exploration, pressure reduction by water releasing, pre grouting, supporting timely, overall monitoring" is established after the field test and data analysis. Methods of full dimensional exploration and water pressure reducing are proposed, which form the preceding reinforcing technology that are different between inside the excavation contour and outside the excavation contour. Support linings are constructed immediately after excavation of upper bench. Safety performance of tunnel structure is evaluated according to the monitoring results. The research is conducted based on Shuangfeng Tunnel and the study results are applied in the construction of the tunnel. Results indicate that it can make sense to control deformation and ensure safety by using methods of reducing pressure through full dimensional water release, adopting advance reinforcement measures that are different between inside the excavation contour and outside the excavation contour, proposing mini bench method during tunnel construction and supporting timely after excavation for tunnels passing through water rich Tertiary sandy mudstone strata.     

Great Revolution in Maritime Transportation: Discussion on Preliminary Work and Operation Plan of Bridge/Tunnel Projects for Vacuum HTS Maglev Train at High Speed（畅想海上交通运输建设的伟大革命——真空高温超导磁浮高速列车桥隧工程前期工作与运行方案探讨）

The improvement in the operation speed of the transportation project means the progress and development of the construction technologies in transportation projects. In this paper, the following factors restricting the further improving of the speed of high speed railway are analyzed: as the operation speed increases, the trains in the dense atmosphere are subject to the wind induced resistance and various resistances caused by the friction between the wheels and the rails and by the irregularity of tracks, and the noise will also increase with a high power. Therefore, the economy and safety issues involved in the operation have become the main factors restricting the further improving of the speed of high speed railway. A scheme of vacuum pipelines of underwater vacuum tunnel and/or subwater bridge is proposed in this paper: the pipelines and cars are sealed and vacuated to form the quasi vacuum. The transportation system of the vacuum maglev train at ultrahigh speed with the HTS maglev technology can achieve the operation speed more than 4 times that of the existing HSR train (about 1 200 km/h). Key technologies for constructing the vacuum maglev tunnels/subwater bridges in respect of construction plans, vacuating and sealing, as well as maglev trains are introduced in this paper. The subjects to be further studied on the vacuum HTS maglev tunnels (pipelines) are analyzed from the aspects of technology, management, construction costs, operation expenses, candidate project, airtight materials for cars and evacuation in case of emergencies. It is recommended that "cross sea maglev train in vacuum tunnel" should be developed in the eco tourism project between the coastal cities and their neighboring islands and a series of necessary technical tests should be conducted during the trial operation, so as to obtain related experience. Based on the experience and lessons learned, the transportation system at ultrahigh speed may be implemented for strait crossing projects in China. Finally, a brief introduction to the research on HSR trains at ultrahigh speed in countries such as China, the United States and the Netherlands is presented in this paper. The development of vacuum pipeline transportation can drive the development of China′s transportation modes in a faster, safer and more energy efficient manner, facilitating the development of the fifth generation of transportation industry and its driving role in the social and economic development, and promoting the integration and progress of the economy of China or even the world at a higher speed.     

隧道衬砌可靠指标的优化求解方法

为解决JC法计算隧道衬砌可靠指标过程中极限状态选用方法的缺陷,通过随机有限元方法和Monte-Carlo法对时速350 km高速铁路双线隧道Ⅲa、Ⅳb型衬砌进行抽样计算,得到2种衬砌各截面偏心距平均值和变异系数; 通过对素混凝土和钢筋混凝土衬砌极限状态功能函数及其适用条件的分析,引入几何优化法,以约束函数表示功能函数的约束条件,建立可靠指标的优化求解模型; 选用寻优性能良好的Global Search函数,对2种衬砌各截面可靠指标进行优化求解,并与JC法进行对比,证明优化方法的优势。     

郑万高铁隧道大断面机械化施工关键技术研究

为实现大断面隧道机械化施工,针对郑万高速铁路湖北段隧道机械化施工所面临的掌子面稳定性控制、支护结构参数优化、机械化施工工法及施工工艺参数选取等主要问题,采取现场试验、资料调研、理论分析等手段,提出掌子面稳定性综合分级方法及稳定性控制措施,并对超前支护、洞身支护参数进行优化。郑万高速铁路采用全断面法和微台阶法2种工法进行施工,同时,对高压劈裂注浆、低预应力锚杆、超挖控制、高标号初喷混凝土等施工工艺进行探索和应用; 在信息化项目管理平台的基础上,建立基于施工动态管理的隧道作业面分类管理方法。研究成果在郑万高速铁路的成功应用将极大提高隧道建设的机械化水平,为隧道机械化施工提供参考。     

长昆客专湖南段隧道洞口设计研究

长昆客运专线湖南段经过湘中低山丘陵区、湘中中低山区及云贵高原东缘高山区,项目桥隧工程多,工程设计难度大、施工风险高。为解决项目在复杂山区困难条件下的桥隧相连、大量隧道洞口偏压高陡,部分隧道洞口段穿越岩堆或顺层等不良地质等造成的诸多设计施工难题,针对高速铁路隧道工程的特点,通过研究复杂条件下桥隧相连工程的相对关系,将复杂山区的桥隧相连工程划分为隧桥串接、隧桥对接和隧桥毗连（短路基）3种衔接方式分别系统处理,首次开发并应用高速铁路分离式隧桥串接洞门,用于解决桥隧相连情况下的隧桥串接洞门设计; 通过研究偏压、高陡洞口地形、地质,对困难条件下的隧道洞口提出采取“耳墙+护拱+反压回填”暗挖进洞技术、锚固桩正面防护技术及基底桩基托板技术等工程方案解决了进洞困难、洞口不良地质、隧底软硬不均或部分悬空、安全施工等难题。     

基于Matlab/Simulink的汽车制动防抱死研究

汽车制动距离的大小主要与地面制动力、制动器制动力与附着力存在关系,而制动过程中控制滑移率在15%~20%时,车辆可获得较好的地面附着力,从而缩短并改善汽车在制动时出现的制动距离过长以及发生侧滑跑偏造成交通事故。利用Matlab/Simulink仿真软件模拟车辆在行驶过程中有无防抱死制动系统时的制动性能,验证利用ABS控制车辆制动时的滑移率在15%~20%具有较好的制动效果。