电气化双线运营隧道空气污染状况调查

为了解电力牵引的双线铁路运营隧道空气污染状况，选择军都山隧道进行现场测试。在现运行图确定的客、货运列车运行条件下对臭氧、氮氧化物、一氧化碳、二氧化硫、总碳氢、醛类、氧气含量及粉尘测试。结果表明，电力牵引的运营隧道内有害气体大大低于国家卫生标准，但隧道内粉尘浓度较高，夏季０．４～２．１ｍｇ／ｍ３，冬季１．２～１０．７ｍｇ／ｍ３；氧含量较低。为此根据隧道运营状况提出了相应的综合治理措施。     

船舶纵向气囊下水宽支座弹性计算方法初探

本文介绍了船舶纵向气囊下水的气囊运动机理，构建了船体与气囊受力模型，并将船体、气囊与船台假定为串联弹簧体系，提出了船舶纵向气囊下水宽支座弹性计算方法。     

石家庄地铁地下停车场通风空调系统方案设计

结合石家庄地铁地下停车场通风空调系统设计,通过对停车库通风、空调、采暖、排烟4个方面的难点问题进行分析,并通过利用工程经验、借鉴规范等方法,提出全面的系统设计解决方案。研究结论:停车库内通风量、排烟量分别按照3 m层高、实际层高,6次/h换气考虑;检修平台考虑局部空调,提高作业人员舒适度;土壤有蓄热效应,按局部考虑采暖即可,不必对停车库内进行大面积采暖。     

基于AVR单片机的消毒机控制系统设计

介绍了基于AVR单片机ATMEGA8的空气消毒机系统的功能及设计原理,并给出了具体的设计方案,包括系统的硬件电路设计和软件设计流程图。该消毒机不仅具有臭氧、紫外线和高效滤器组成的三重杀菌消毒功能,还能实时检测并显示室内空气质量情况。此仪器经投入使用后,具有运行稳定可靠,适应性好等优点。     

A census of the US near-roadway population: Public health and environmental justice considerations

This study estimates the size and distribution of the population living near high volume roads in the US, investigates race and income disparities in these near roadway populations, and considers the coverage of the national ambient air quality monitoring network. Every US census block is classified by traffic density and proximity to roads falling within several traffic volume ranges using year 2008 traffic data and the 2010 and 2000 US Census. The results indicate that 19% of the population lives near high volume roads. Nationally, greater traffic volume and density are associated with larger shares of non-white residents and lower median household incomes. Analysis at the county level finds wide variation in the size of near roadway populations and the severity of environmental justice concerns. Every state, however, has some population living near a high volume road and 84% of counties show some level of disparity. The results also suggest that most counties with residents living near high volume roads do not have a co-located regulatory air quality monitor.     

Characterization and prediction of air traffic delays

This paper presents a new class of models for predicting air traffic delays. The proposed models consider both temporal and spatial (that is, network) delay states as explanatory variables, and use Random Forest algorithms to predict departure delays 2–24 h in the future. In addition to local delay variables that describe the arrival or departure delay states of the most influential airports and links (origin–destination pairs) in the network, new network delay variables that characterize the global delay state of the entire National Airspace System at the time of prediction are proposed. The paper analyzes the performance of the proposed prediction models in both classifying delays as above or below a certain threshold, as well as predicting delay values. The models are trained and validated on operational data from 2007 and 2008, and are evaluated using the 100 most-delayed links in the system. The results show that for a 2-h forecast horizon, the average test error over these 100 links is 19% when classifying delays as above or below 60 min. Similarly, the average over these 100 links of the median test error is found to be 21 min when predicting departure delays for a 2-h forecast horizon. The effects of changes in the classification threshold and forecast horizon on prediction performance are studied.     

Spoke airports,intentional and unintentional ground travel,and the air travel decision-making process

For air travelers originating from the spokes of the US hub-and-spoke air network, price, flight frequency, and aircraft type are all known factors in their travel decision-making process. Less well known, however, is the extent to which different elements of ground travel enter into these travelers’ air journeys. Based on 51 interviews at four universities at spokes surrounding O’Hare International Airport, this article describes how considerations such as vehicle availability, individual driving ability, localized weather, and unanticipated ground travel are fundamentally part of the air travel decision-making process for spoke travelers.     

Technical efficiency of automobiles – A nonparametric approach incorporating carbon dioxide emissions

We conduct an empirical analysis of the technical efficiency of cars sold 2010 in Germany. The analysis is performed using traditional data envelopment analysis (DEA) as well as directional distance functions (DDF). The approach of DDF allows incorporating the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions as an environmental goal in the efficiency analysis. A frontier separation approach is used to gain deeper insight for diesel and gasoline cars. Natural gas driven cars and sport utility vehicles are also treated as different groups. The results show that the efficiency measurement is statistically yet not economically significantly influenced by the incorporation of carbon dioxide emissions. Moreover, we find that natural gas driven cars are highly inefficient even if the reduction of emissions is accounted for in the analysis.     

Are we successful in reducing vehicle miles traveled in air quality nonattainment areas?

An important planning and policy question in the transportation, energy, and environment areas is whether or not air quality control and the associated funding preference and mitigation efforts to attain air quality conformity have indeed led to traveler behavior changes such as reduction in vehicle miles traveled (VMT) or VMT growth rates. In this research, we develop statistical models to analyze the relationship between air quality nonattainment designation and VMT between 1966 and 2004 based on observed data. These models employ different statistical methods, including hypothesis testing and simultaneous equations. Findings from these statistical models and datasets are consistent, and suggest there is a statistically significant negative correlation between nonattainment designation and VMT/VMT growth. For instance, the simultaneous equation model in this research, suggests that if a nonattainment area and an attainment area that are similar in all other aspects (population composition, socio-economics, urbanization, fuel price, vehicle stock, etc.) are compared, the VMT in the nonattainment area will be 1.80% less than that in the attainment area in the short run, and 7.61% less in the long run. While these results show strong statistical evidence that efforts in reducing VMT in nonattainment areas have been successful, future research should be conducted to attribute the VMT reduction effects to specific policy instruments for decision-making (e.g. the Congestion Management and Air Quality Improvement program, the conformity regulation in the transportation planning process, etc.).     

Rapid transit system simulation with interactive graphics display

A mathematical model of a rapid transit system has been developed. The model employs computer techniques to simulate the physical system. To further enhance the results and gain management confidence in the reliability and validity of the design of the model, a TV‐like display of the computer results enables the viewer to “see” the performance of the model as it happens. The results displayed thus include: The track layout, time (simulation), train position on the track, and the number of passengers riding on each train and waiting at each platform or station. The computer printout of results is limited to summary type data, relying on the display for detailed evaluation and analysis.