Impact of transition between signal timing plans in social cost based in delay,fuel consumption and air emissions

Significant effects of traffic congestion include the cost associated with extra travel time, fuel consumption, and gas emissions. This paper develops a mathematical function to quantify the monetary impact of transition designs between signal timing plans on users and the environment. This function offers an approach to reduce problems such as excessive travel time, pollution emissions and fuel consumption. The proposed social cost function is evaluated for various transition plans to assess the impact of the number of steps required to adjust signal timing. The relationships between delay, fuel consumption and gas emissions and the number of steps needed to achieve the transition are also analysed.     

Analysis of air traffic control operational impact on aircraft vertical profiles supported by machine learning

The Air Traffic Management system is under a paradigm shift led by NextGen and SESAR. The new trajectory-based Concept of Operations is supported by performance-based trajectory predictors as major enablers. Currently, the performance of ground-based trajectory predictors is affected by diverse factors such as weather, lack of integration of operational information or aircraft performance uncertainty.Trajectory predictors could be enhanced by learning from historical data. Nowadays, data from the Air Traffic Management system may be exploited to understand to what extent Air Traffic Control actions impact on the vertical profile of flight trajectories.This paper analyses the impact of diverse operational factors on the vertical profile of flight trajectories. Firstly, Multilevel Linear Models are adopted to conduct a prior identification of these factors. Then, the information is exploited by trajectory predictors, where two types are used: point-mass trajectory predictors enhanced by learning the thrust law depending on those factors; and trajectory predictors based on Artificial Neural Networks.Air Traffic Control vertical operational procedures do not constitute a main factor impacting on the vertical profile of flight trajectories, once the top of descent is established. Additionally, airspace flows and the flight level at the trajectory top of descent are relevant features to be considered when learning from historical data, enhancing the overall performance of the trajectory predictors for the descent phase.     

基于S7-200 PLC和TP170A的船舶中央空调综合控制系统的实现

本文利用S7-200PLC实现船舶中央空调的综合控制和管理，对制冷压缩机进行有级能量调节，温度和湿度实现PID和PWM控制，达到了节能和操作方便的效果。     

A methodology for identifying similar days in air traffic flow management initiative planning

This article describes a methodology for selecting days that are comparable in terms of the conditions faced during air traffic flow management initiative planning. This methodology includes the use of specific data sources, specific features of calendar days defined using these data sources, and the application of a specific form of classification and then cluster analysis. The application of this methodology will produce results that enable historical analysis of the use of initiatives and evaluation of the relative success of different courses of action. Several challenges are overcome here including the need to identify the appropriate machine learning algorithms to apply, to quantify the differences between calendar days, to select features describing days, to obtain appropriate raw data, and to evaluate results in a meaningful way. These challenges are overcome via a review of relevant literature, the identification and trial of several useful models and data sets, and careful application of methods. For example, the cluster analysis that ultimately selects sets of similar days uses a distance metric based on variable importance measures from a separate classification model of observed initiatives. The methodology defined here is applied to the New York area, although it could be applied by other researchers to other areas.     

Short/medium-term prediction for the aviation emissions in the en route airspace considering the fluctuation in air traffic demand

This paper proposes a novel short/medium-term prediction method for aviation emissions distribution in en route airspace. An en route traffic demand model characterizing both the dynamics and the fluctuation of the actual traffic demand is developed, based on which the variation and the uncertainty of the short/medium-term traffic growth are predicted. Building on the demand forecast the Boeing Fuel Flow Method 2 is applied to estimate the fuel consumption and the resulting aviation emissions in the en route airspace. Based on the traffic demand prediction and the en route emissions estimation, an aviation emissions prediction model is built, which can be used to forecast the generation of en route emissions with uncertainty limits. The developed method is applied to a real data set from Hefei Area Control Center for the en route emission prediction in the next 5 years, with time granularities of both months and years. To validate the uncertainty limits associated with the emission prediction, this paper also presents the prediction results based on future traffic demand derived from the regression model widely adopted by FAA and Eurocontrol. The analysis of the case study shows that the proposed method can characterize well the dynamics and the fluctuation of the en route emissions, thereby providing satisfactory prediction results with appropriate uncertainty limits. The prediction results show a gradual growth at an average annual rate of 7.74%, and the monthly prediction results reveal distinct fluctuation patterns in the growth.     

摩托车发动机空滤器滤芯的研究(1)

空滤器滤芯是摩托车空滤器的核心和关键部件,直接影响发动机的性能,如设计不好,灰尘、砂粒、异物等会由此通过化油器进入发动机,导致不能起动或起动困难、异响(敲缸)、润滑油消耗过高、燃油消耗过高、动力不足加速性能变差.     

Frictional drag reduction with air lubricant over a super-water-repellent surface

This paper presents a new technique for reducing frictional drag using a super-water-repellent surface and air-injection (called an SWR & A technique). Its effectiveness was examined by carrying out pressure-loss measurements with a tube of rectangular cross section, along with resistance tests on a horizontal flat plate, a 7.2-m-long tanker model, and a 12-m-long high length-to-beam-ratio model ship. These test results showed that the new technique can significantly reduce the models' frictional drag; for example, the frictional resistance on the SWR surface was reduced by 80% at a speed of 4 m/s and 55% at 8 m/s. Received: October 16, 2000 / Accepted: December 4, 2000     

轿车车内空气污染源的分析及其空气品质的评价方法

对轿车内的污染源作了详细的分析,并由此选择了11种污染物作为车内空气品质客观评价的评价因子。对客观评价的方法做出了规范,并给出了数据的处理办法。提出了用客观评价和主观评价相结合的办法来评价轿车内的空气品质。     

Air Cored Rogowski Coil for Measurement of Partial Discharges

A Rogowski coil was designed to measure partial discharge (PD) signal with low currents and high frequency. The possibilities of obtaining better measurements of PDs were explored by changing the inductance, mutual inductance, resistance, and capacitance of the coil. The designed Rogowski coil was calibrated under square wave voltage and arbitrary sine wave voltage. Then, according to the parameters of the Rogowski coil, the effect of changing some of these variables was simulated using a bode plot. Compari...     

基于PLC的净化空调循环机组自动控制的设计与实现

净化空调控制系统由空气净化系统和自动控制系统组成。空气净化系统包括通风管道、空调机组等,其中空调机组中装有风机、过滤器、表冷器、加热器和加湿器等设备,风机的作用是使空气流动起来形成风,过滤器能够净化空气,表冷器、加热器和加湿器能够实现空气温湿度的调节。自动控制系统通过现场的各种传感器、变送器采集现场的信号,然后驱动现场的各种阀门、执行器进行动作达到调节空气的作用。其中空气净化系统的主要设备是空调机组,空调机组又有新风机组和循环机组2种,新风机组构成、工作原理及自动控制的实现在其他文献已经作了介绍,这里就循环机组相关控制参数、构成与自动控制的实现进行详细的阐述。