Traffic control oriented impact on the persistence of urban air pollutants: A causeway bay revelation during emergency period

The continuous traffic flow is always considered to take a great extent responsibility for the air quality deterioration in urban areas. Meanwhile, traffic control is assumed to be one of the most effective ways to mitigate the high concentration situation as this may cut off the emission directly and satisfy the air quality objectives. Unfortunately, the overdevelopment of central business district area in megacities not only complicates the control plan, but also troubles the process of plan assessment. Because of the road blockages caused by the radical behavior during the Hong Kong protest in 2014, it offers an unexpected chance to evaluate the influence of traffic control oriented plan on urban (i.e., Causeway Bay) air pollution. Hence, we here investigated the six air pollutants concentrations that measured in the time series before, during and after the Hong Kong Protest period. The impact of traffic flow restriction on pollutants’ persistence has been quantified both qualitatively and quantitatively in this study. The results showed that the persistence of pollutants was a general property in Causeway Bay which dominated by the traffic flow pattern. The road blockages, considered as one kind of extreme traffic control plan, would strengthen the persistence of most pollutants (except ozone). Moreover, it also indicated that comprehensive consideration and further balance among different pollutants were necessary when try to reduce pollution in urban area by traffic control.     

How to best address aviation’s full climate impact from an economic policy point of view? – Main results from AviClim research project

The interdisciplinary research project AviClim (Including Aviation in International Protocols for Climate Protection) has explored the feasibility for including aviation’s full climate impact, i.e., both long-lived CO₂ and short-lived non-CO₂ effects, in international protocols for climate protection and has investigated the economic impacts. Short-lived non-CO₂ effects of aviation are NO_x emissions, H₂O emissions or contrail cirrus, for instance.Four geopolitical scenarios have been designed which differ concerning the level of international support for climate protecting measures. These scenarios have been combined alternatively with an emissions trading scheme on CO₂ and non-CO₂ species, a climate tax and a NO_x emission charge combined with CO₂ trading and operational measures (such as lower flight altitudes). Modelling results indicate that a global emissions trading scheme for both CO₂ and non-CO₂ emissions would be the best solution from an economic and environmental point of view. Costs and impacts on competition could be kept at a relatively moderate level and effects on employment are moderate, too. At the same time, environmental benefits are noticeable.     

The significant impacts on traffic and emissions of ferrying children to school in Beijing

After having implemented numerous regulations, e.g., coercive policies on vehicle use and purchase, it is becoming increasingly difficult to find further potential to control vehicle emissions in Beijing, as the air quality is still poor. This research provides a different approach for policy-makers to reduce vehicle emissions by managing demand. We found that parents ferrying their children to and from school is an important but long-neglected contributor to traffic congestion and vehicle emissions. This phenomenon is very common in China because of the social culture. In this research, parallel tests during both the school season and the non-school season were adopted, and emissions in both seasons were calculated based on travel demand and emission models. The results revealed that emissions factors (in g/km) for criteria pollutants and CO₂ increased by over 10% during rush hours during the school season due to traffic condition deterioration compared with non-school season. Daily HC, CO, NO_x, PM and CO₂ emissions from the passenger car fleet were 8.3%, 7.8%, 6.4%, 6.3% and 6.5% higher compared with those during the non-school season, respectively. These differences are greater than the total vehicular emission reduction by other control measures in 2014 in Beijing. For policy makers, providing safe and efficient ways to ferry children would be a useful and harmonious strategy for future vehicle emission control.     

谈空气滤清器对内燃机使用寿命的影响及拟解决方法

从内燃机使用过程中的经济性、可靠性、排污量与使用寿命之间的关系入手，简析颗粒磨损对内燃机使用寿命的影响；指出了国产内燃机空气滤清器使用中存在的问题，提出了适合中国国情的空气滤清器的使用、更换及鉴别方法。     

船舶变频空调风机节能技术研究

应用当量温差计算法对欧—亚航线上船舶在不同航区的空调动态负荷和风机可调送风量进行了定量描述;阐述了变频技术应用于空调风机的途径;得出了空调风机变频调速,舒适性好,节能率高达５８％以上,具有广阔发展前景的结论     

Electric versus conventional vehicles: social costs and benefits in France

This article compares the social costs of electric vehicles with those of conventional, thermal vehicles for typical passenger use in the Ile-de-France region (Greater Paris), a case of particular interest because nearly 80% of the electricity is generated by nuclear power plants. A four-seat electric car is compared to a new conventional car of the same make and model; for the latter both the gasoline and the diesel version are considered because almost half of new car sales in France are diesel. These results are also compared to typical existing diesel and gasoline vehicles in the current French fleet. The methodology developed by the ExternE (External Costs of Energy) Project of the European Commission is used to estimate the costs associated with atmospheric pollution due to power plants, refineries and tail pipe emissions. Our discussion of externalities is limited to air pollution thus excluding others such as costs associated with noise or accidents. Our results imply that the external costs are large and significant, even when one considers the uncertainties. If internalized by government regulations, these externalities can render the total cost of an electric vehicle more competitive with that of currently available thermal vehicles in large urban centers if the electricity is produced by sources with low pollution. However, the current generation electric vehicles are so expensive that internalization of pollution damage would not give it a very clear advantage.     

地铁车辆直线电机气隙在线检测系统结构

气隙在线检测系统是集数据采集、分析、处理与实时通信于一体的计算机测量系统。作为直线电机地铁车辆的维护设备之一,当车辆通过系统时,其可以实现自动辨别车号、计算车速、记录轴数、测量气隙高度等功能,并通过计算机内部设备的判别模型,对超限数据进行报警。     

空压机装配生产线平衡的研究和改善

从生产线平衡理论出发,以某空压机装配线为研究对象,运用作业测定技术中的时间研究方法,测定了流水线各工位作业时间,找出影响流水线生产能力的瓶颈工位,运用"5W1H"提问技术分析流水线存在的问题,根据ECRS(取消、合并、重排、简化)原则及流水线平整理论设计了流水线平整方案,新方案的实施使生产线平衡率和生产能力得到较大提高。     

KLD35型铁路客车空调机组故障的原因分析

介绍了KLD35型铁路客车空调机组出现的制冷故障,并对故障原因进行了分析。     

空调负荷率对地埋管水冷多联机空调系统性能的影响

埋管式水冷多联机空调系统具有很好的节能、环保效益,是一种新型水冷多联机系统,但由于其系统运行特性相关资料缺乏,严重影响其在实际工程中的应用。为了解埋管式水冷多联机系统运行特性,以某建筑埋管式水冷多联机系统为研究对象,采用试验方法对其性能进行测试,测试结果表明:系统负荷率越大,水冷多联机组进出水温度越高;机组耗电量和制冷量随系统负荷率增大而增大,系统负荷率对机组性能系数的影响较小;该系统与常规风冷多联空调系统相比,其在部分负荷运行时调节性能好、运行费用低、节能性好。