螺杆式空气压缩机油在SS4型电力机车上的应用

为满足电力机车螺杆式空气压缩机的需要,选择自主研制的铁路机车螺杆式空气压缩机油与ShellCorena RS32润滑油进行主要理化性能比较,经过3年的装车运用试验表明:研制油各项性能指标优良,许多性能超过对比油,能够满足机车螺杆式空气压缩机安全使用1个中修期以上的用油要求。     

Roadway determinants of bicyclist exposure to volatile organic compounds and carbon monoxide

Few studies have quantified relationships between bicyclist exposure to air pollution and roadway and traffic variables. As a result, transportation professionals are unable to easily estimate exposure differences among bicycle routes for network planning, design, and analysis. This paper estimates the effects of roadway and travel characteristics on bicyclist exposure concentrations, controlling for meteorology and background conditions. Concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOC) and carbon monoxide (CO) are modeled using high-resolution data collected on-road. Results indicate that average daily traffic (ADT) provides a parsimonious way to characterize the impact of roadway characteristics on bicyclists’ exposure. VOC and CO exposure increase by approximately 2% per 1000 ADT, robust to different regression model specifications. Exposure on off-street facilities is higher than at a park, but lower than on-street riding – with the exception of a path through an industrial corridor with significantly higher exposure. VOC exposure is 20% higher near intersections. Traffic, roadway, and travel variables have more explanatory power in the VOC models than the CO model. The quantifications in this paper enable calculation of expected exposure differences among travel paths for planning and routing applications. The findings also have policy and design implications to reduce bicyclists’ exposure. Separation between bicyclists and motor vehicle traffic is a necessary but not sufficient condition to reduce exposure concentrations; off-street paths are not always low-exposure facilities.     

基于监控组态软件的压缩机监控系统设计

压缩机是舰船重要的辅助设备,其运行情况直接影响机电设备的正常工作。为提高压缩机系统的自动化程度,本文基于组态软件设计了压缩机监控系统,该系统具有以下功能：实现了压缩机的启动、正常工作时的定时吹除以及停车等过程控制,实现了压缩机工作过程中的工作状态显示、记录以及报警等功能。运行情况表明,该系统工作可靠、稳定。     

螺杆空气压缩机试验台软件系统的开发

针对螺杆式空气压缩机的性能测试问题,设计了基于动态链接库调用和串口通讯技术的实时数据获取方案.提出了基于Word宏调用技术的试验报表自动生成方案.用Visual Basic可视化编程手段开发了螺杆式空气压缩机试验台软件系统,具备了对螺杆式空压机进行全面、快速、准确的性能测试的功能,在投入北京南口机车车辆机械厂实际生产运行后,表明该系统达到设计要求,并且运行稳定、可靠.     

The impact of advance purchase deadlines on airline consumers’ search and purchase behaviors

Airlines frequently use advance purchase ticket deadlines to segment consumers. Few empirical studies have investigated how individuals respond to advance purchase deadlines and price uncertainties induced by these deadlines. We model the number of searches (and purchases) for specific search and departure dates using an instrumental variable approach that corrects for price endogeneity. Results show that search and purchase behaviors vary by search day of week, days from departure, lowest offered fares, variation in lowest offered fares across competitors, and market distance. After controlling for the presence of web bots, we find that the number of consumer searches increases just prior to an advance purchase deadline. This increase can be explained by consumers switching their desired departure dates by one or two days to avoid higher fares that occur immediately after an advance purchase deadline has passed. This reallocation of demand has significant practical implications for the airline industry because the majority of revenue management and scheduling decision support systems currently do not incorporate these behaviors.     

Estimation of road transport related air pollution in Saint Petersburg using European and Russian calculation models

The paper analyzes Russian and European emission and dispersion models aimed at the estimation of road transport related air pollution on street and regional scale as exemplified with St. Petersburg, Russia. It demonstrates the results of model calculations of peak concentrations of main harmful substances (NО_X, CO and PM₁₀) along the St. Petersburg Ring Road at high traffic volume and adverse meteorological conditions (calm, temperature inversion) executed by means of a Russian street pollution model, and it evaluates the computed results against the measurements from monitoring stations. The paper also examines the ways of adaptation of the COPERT IV model – a software tool for calculation of air pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions from road transport on regional or country scale – to the inventory conditions of the Russian Federation, compares the COPERT IV numerical estimates with the national inventory data. It also reveals the obstacles and possibilities in the harmonization of the Russian and European approaches.     

Cost-efficiency benchmarking of European air navigation service providers

This study uses EUROCONTROL data on operating performance of the national air navigation service providers over the 2002–2011 time period to document in detail the efficiency changes across providers and time using data envelopment analysis. Our results suggest that overall providers’ productivity improved over the time period covered by the data, driven by improvements in technical rather than allocative efficiency. However, some trend reversals in the post-2008 crisis period are also observed.     

A translog cost function of the integrated air freight business: The case of FedEx and UPS

This paper analyzes the cost structure of the integrated air freight business by means of a translog cost function. This allows to extend knowledge on the supply side and to examine if strategies of integrators are consistent with cost structure. The cost function is based on quarterly time-series data from 1990 to 2010 for FedEx and UPS. A total and a variable model are estimated. In addition, a static as well as a dynamic approach is followed. We find that integrators exhibit strong scale and density economies in the short and the long term. This result is in line with the aggressive expansion and cooperation strategies pursued by integrators. Our results indicate that the concentration in the integrated air freight industry will continue: a concern for industry actors and regulatory agencies.     

Assessment of carbon emission costs for air cargo transportation

This study presents a set of models that calculate carbon emissions in individual phases of flight during air cargo transportation, investigates resultant carbon footprints by aircraft type and flight route, and estimates increases in transportation costs for airlines due to carbon taxes imposed by the EU ETS. The estimated results provide useful references for airlines in aircraft assignment on different routes and in aircraft selection for new purchases. Validation of the model is conducted by simulating the potential impact of the implementation of the EU ETS on costs of air cargo transportation for six routes and six types of aircraft. Results show that the impact may be subject to various factors including unit carbon emissions per aircraft, aviation emission allowances per airline, and carbon trading prices; and that increases in costs of air cargo transportation range from 0% to 5.27% per aircraft per route. Therefore, the implementation of the EU ETS may encourage airlines to cut down their operating costs by reducing their carbon emissions, thereby ameliorating greenhouse gas pollution caused by air cargo transportation.