Maximizing airborne delay at no extra fuel cost by means of linear holding

This paper introduces a linear holding strategy based on prior works on cruise speed reduction, aimed at performing airborne delay at no extra fuel cost, as a complementary strategy to current ground and airborne holding strategies. Firstly, the equivalent speed concept is extended to climb and descent phases through an analysis of fuel consumption and speed from aircraft performance data. This gives an insight of the feasibility to implement the concept, differentiating the case where the cruise flight level initially requested is kept and the case where it can be changed before departure in order to maximize the linear holding time. Illustrative examples are given, where typical flights are simulated using an optimal trajectory generation tool where linear holding is maximized while keeping constant the initially planned fuel. Finally, the effects of linear holding are thoroughly assessed in terms of the vertical trajectory profiles, range of feasible speed intervals and trade-offs between fuel and time. Results show that the airborne delay increases significantly with nearly 3-fold time for short-haul flights and 2-fold for mid-hauls to the cases in prior works.     

Time to burn: Flight delay,terminal efficiency,and fuel consumption in the National Airspace System

Improved Air Traffic Management (ATM) leading to reduced en route and gate delay, greater predictability in flight planning, and reduced terminal inefficiencies has a role to play in reducing aviation fuel consumption. Air navigation service providers are working to quantify this role to help prioritize and justify ATM modernization efforts. In the following study we analyze actual flight-level fuel consumption data reported by a major U.S. based airline to study the possible fuel savings from ATM improvements that allow flights to better adhere to their planned trajectories both en route and in the terminal area. To do so we isolate the contribution of airborne delay, departure delay, excess planned flight time, and terminal area inefficiencies on fuel consumption using econometric techniques. The model results indicate that, for two commonly operated aircraft types, the system-wide averages of flight fuel consumption attributed to ATM delay and terminal inefficiencies are 1.0–1.5% and 1.5–4.5%, respectively. We quantify the fuel impact of predicted delay to be 10–20% that of unanticipated delay, reinforcing the role of flight plan predictability in reducing fuel consumption. We rank terminal areas by quantifying a Terminal Inefficiency metric based on the variation in terminal area fuel consumed across flights. Our results help prioritize ATM modernization investments by quantifying the trade-offs in planned and unplanned delays and identifying terminal areas with high potential for improvement.     

The asymmetric effects of income and fuel price on air transport demand

Forecasts of passenger demand are an important parameter for aviation planners. Air transport demand models typically assume a perfectly reversible impact of the demand drivers. However, there are reasons to believe that the impacts of some of the demand drivers such as fuel price or income on air transport demand may not be perfectly reversible. Two types of imperfect reversibility, namely asymmetry and hysteresis, are possible. Asymmetry refers to the differences in the demand impacts of a rising price or income from that of a falling price or income. Hysteresis refers to the dependence of the impacts of changing price or income on previous history, especially on previous maximum price or income. We use US time series data and decompose each of fuel price and income into three component series to develop an econometric model for air transport demand that is capable of capturing the potential imperfectly reversible relationships and test for the presence or absence of reversibility. We find statistical evidence of asymmetry and hysteresis – for both, prices and income – in air transport demand. Implications for policy and practice are then discussed.     

Does European high-speed rail affect the current level of air services? An EU-wide analysis

This paper analyses whether the current provision of air services in Europe is impacted by high-speed rail (HSR). An ex-post analysis is carried out considering 161 routes EU-wide using transnational data. We use censored regressions with special attention paid to the presence of outliers in the sample and to the potential problem of non-normality of error terms. It is found that shorter HSR travel times involve less air services, with similar impact on both airline seats and flights. This impact quickly drops between 2.0- and 2.5-h HSR travel time. The impact of HSR frequencies is much more limited. Hubbing strategies led by the airlines have the opposite effect from HSR, as hubs involve more air services. Airline/HSR integration at the airport and cities being served by both central and peripheral stations have no significant impact. Metropolitan and national spatial patterns may help to better understand intermodal effects.     

压缩机进气消声器在轻型卡车上的应用

本文通过对消声器消声原理及压缩机进气噪声的频率特点的分析,论述了压缩机进气消声器的设计原理及设计过程。通过具体实例,对压缩机进气噪音特点进行研究,设计对应消声器对进气系统进行优化,对设计理论进行验证,在实车上获得了良好的效果。     

汽车空调结霜研究

本文根据汽车空调系统的工作原理分析了空调结霜的机理,根据系统原理对影响空调结霜的几种因素进行了阐述,介绍了空调系统结霜的评价方法.     

核援救舰船救生通道的防核污染方法研究

随着涉核舰船的大量使用,核援救成为舰船必须考虑的问题。本文分析防护区、救生通道的现状、存在的问题,估算3种方法在人通过通道时所附加的新风需求量,分析了3种方法的防护能力,可供涉核人员参考     

车辆空气弹簧动力学参数特性研究

在车辆动力学模拟计算中,车辆动力学性能主要取决于悬挂参数的匹配,悬挂参数的精确度直接影响车辆动力学模拟计算误差。基于热力学及流体力学理论,建立空气弹簧的统一物理模型,导出其计算的统一数学表达式,提出了确定空气弹簧参数的计算方法,并对影响空气弹簧性能的因素进行了详细的分析。结果表明,空气弹簧气囊外形及刚度、附加气室容积和流孔直径是影响空气弹簧性能的主要因素。     

某船空调压缩机曲轴箱爆炸事故原因分析

概述了一起空调压缩机曲轴箱爆炸罕见事故,通过目击者回忆、现场勘察以及爆炸机理的分析推理,确定这是一起曲轴箱油雾爆炸事故,为安全起见,制订出相应的操作规程及注意事项。     

客车空气压缩机皮带轮断裂失效分析

运用金相显微镜、扫描电镜和能谱仪等分析仪器，研究了某客车空气压缩机皮带轮断裂的原因。结果表明，该空气压缩机的皮带轮辐条与轮毂、轮盘连接处产生应力集中现象，是导致该处出现裂纹并发生疲劳断裂的主要原因。针对以上问题提出了改进建议。