泡沫沥青冷再生施工技术节能减排效益分析

泡沫沥青冷再生施工作为一种路面废旧材料再生利用新型冷再生技术,其混合料除了具有良好的路用性能,施工中还可以起到明显的节能减排作用,是发展循环经济、创建环境友好节约型社会的重要举措,目前已开始得到应用和推广;通过对泡沫沥青冷再生施工技术节能效益分析,了解其节约资源、保护环境、减少污染、降低造价等优点。     

Cost overruns and demand shortfalls – Deception or selection?

A number of highly cited papers by Flyvbjerg and associates have shown that ex ante infrastructure appraisals tend to be overly optimistic. Ex post evaluations indicate a bias where investment costs are higher and benefits lower on average than predicted ex ante. These authors argue that the bias must be attributed to intentional misrepresentation by project developers. This paper shows that the bias may arise simply as a selection bias, without there being any bias at all in predictions ex ante, and that such a bias is bound to arise whenever ex ante predictions are related to the decisions whether to implement projects. Using a database of projects we present examples indicating that the selection bias may be substantial. The examples also indicate that benefit–cost ratios remain a useful selection criterion even when cost and benefits are highly uncertain, gainsaying the argument that such uncertainties render cost-benefit analyses useless.     

道路运输行业安全监管现状分析及对策研究

结合道路运输行业安全监管现状,从道路运输行业安全监管职责和内容、监管方式、安全检查方面对道路运输行业安全监管存在的问题进行分析,并有针对性的提出了相应的建议和对策。     

The identification and empirical characterization of vehicular (Lagrangian) fundamental diagrams in multilane traffic flow

Traditional macroscopic traffic flow modeling framework adopts the spatial–temporal coordinate system to analyze traffic flow dynamics. With such modeling and analysis paradigm, complications arise for traffic flow data collected from mobile sensors such as probe vehicles equipped with mobile phones, Bluetooth, and Global Positioning System devices. The vehicle‐based measurement technologies call for new modeling thoughts that address the unique features of moving measurements and explore their full potential. In this paper, we look into the concept of vehicular fundamental diagram (VFD) and discuss its engineering implications. VFD corresponds to a conventional fundamental diagram (FD) in the kinematic wave (KW) theory that adopts space–time coordinates. Similar to the regular FD in the KW theory, VFD encapsulates all traffic flow dynamics. In this paper, to demonstrate the full potential of VFD in interpreting multilane traffic flow dynamics, we generalize the classical Edie's formula and propose a direct approach of reconstructing VFD from traffic measurements in the vehicular coordinates. A smoothing algorithm is proposed to effectively reduce the nonphysical fluctuation of traffic states calculated from multilane vehicle trajectories. As an example, we apply the proposed methodology to explore the next‐generation simulation datasets and identify the existence and forms of shock waves in different coordinate systems. Our findings provide empirical justifications and further insight for the Lagrangian traffic flow theory and models when applied in practice. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Are Longer and Heavier Vehicles (LHVs) Beneficial for Society? A Cost Benefit Analysis to Evaluate their Potential Implementation in Spain

Abstract

In this paper we carry out a thorough review of the current research related to the benefits and costs arising from the implementation of longer and heavier vehicles (LHVs). From this review we concluded that despite the many studies available, little has been said about the sensitivity of the benefits and costs to the ultimate performance of the key variables related to the evolution of the economy, road transport performance, safety, and so on. In order to fill this gap, we have designed a sensitivity approach based on a cost benefit analysis tool to determine which variables demonstrate the greatest influence on the benefits and costs stemming from the implementation of LHVs. In order to test the methodology, we have used it in an analysis of the Spanish trunk network. The results show that the benefits of LHVs for society are significant. Even in the least favorable scenario, the economic benefits are greater than €3500 million over 15 years, and the environment enhanced as well, for CO₂ emissions are reduced by 2 Million tonnes. Overall we noted how the results are not very sensitive to the evolution of key variables in determining the final outcome. However, we found that the variables that have the greatest affect on the final benefit, such as traffic growth and social discount rate, depend basically on the performance of the overall economy. Moreover, the private cost for haulers seems to be more important in determining the final benefit than externality costs.     

表面改性纳米阻燃沥青最佳掺量及其性能表征

为提高阻燃沥青的存储稳定性及降低其对性能的影响至最小化,选择纳米阻燃材料并对其进行表面处理制备了新型纳米阻燃沥青。通过沥青基本性能（针入度、软化点、延度）及沥青氧指数试验确定了阻燃沥青的最佳掺量7%;随后借用扫描电镜及热分析试验仪器对阻燃剂的阻燃机理及改性特征进行表征。电镜结果表明,对非表面改性阻燃材料与表面改性阻燃沥青的微观结构对比发现经过表面改性的阻燃剂具有更佳的分散特性。而基于SBS改性沥青及其阻燃沥青的热重分析可知,添加阻燃剂可提高SBS改性沥青的热稳定性,添加阻燃剂后的改性沥青成碳量增加,主要是因为阻燃剂有助于沥青燃烧过程中形成致密炭层,阻碍氧气输入及外界能量的进入,隔断气体挥发物的逸出,实现阻燃及抑烟的效果。     

针对自适应巡航的驾驶人风格辨识

车辆进入自适应巡航工况下行驶时,不同风格的驾驶人会对自适应巡航控制系统(Adaptive Cruise Control,ACC)有不同的需求.文章首先通过对不同驾驶人在9种跟随试验下获取的实验数据分析,选取表征驾驶人风格的驾驶特征参数;其次对所有驾驶人驾驶特征参数利用K-mean算法聚类分析,将驾驶人三类,并利用BP神...     

城市公交线路模态工况构建方法研究

采用GPS设备对西安城市公交典型线路的运行工况进行实测,分别运用瞬态转模态方法和多目标优化法构建出城市客车模态工况.以8个特征参数相对误差为标准,对两种方法的精度进行了对比研究.研究表明,两种方法均能有效地完成工况构建,其中多目标优化法精度最高,瞬态转模态方法简单快捷,从而为工况构建方法的选取提供了思路和数据验证.     

某驱动桥气室失效问题的分析及改进

气室是驱动桥的重要组成部分,通过压缩空气和蓄能弹簧为制动器提供驱动力,从而实现整车的行车制动和驻车制动.如若气室发生故障,则会造成制动失效,影响整车的行驶安全.文章针对某驱动桥试验过程中出现的气室底部撕裂问题,通过运用机械振动、有限元分析等方法,对其失效模式进行剖析,通过改进方法,提升产品可靠性.     

汽车进气系统轰鸣声传递路径分析

为了消除进气系统带来的车内噪声问题,运用传递路径分析方法,源-路径-响应的分析思路,总结了进气系统噪声问题的传递路径,结合某轿车进气系统轰鸣声问题的改进,发现结构传递路径和空气传递路径对该进气轰鸣声均有重要贡献,通过降低空气滤清器安装点橡胶软垫的硬度和加强安装点车身侧支架,可有效降低车内轰鸣声.