Distribution of void fraction in bubbly flow through a horizontal channel: Bubbly boundary layer flow, 2nd report

A method of enveloping the hull with a sheet of microbubbles is discussed. It forms part of a study on means of reducing the skin friction acting on a ship's hull. In this report, a bubble traveling through a horizontal channel is regarded as a diffusive particle. Based on this assumption, an equation based on flow flux balance is derived for determining the void fraction in approximation. The equation thus derived is used for calculation, and the calculation results are compared with reported experimental data. The equation is further manipulated to make it compatible with a mixing length model that takes into account the presence of bubbles in the liquid stream. Among the factors contained in the equation thus derived, those affected by the presence of bubbles are the change of mixing length and the difference in the ratio of skin friction between cases with and without bubbles. These factors can be calculated using the mean void fraction in the boundary layer determined by the rate of air supply into the flow field. It is suggested that the ratio between boundary layer thickness and bubble diameter could constitute a significant parameter to replace the scale effect in estimating values applicable to actual ships from corresponding data obtained in model experiments.List of symbols a ₁ proportionality constant indicating directionality of turbulence - B law-of-the-wall constant - C _f local skin-friction coefficient in the presence of bubbles - C _f0 local skin-friction coefficient in the absence of bubbles - d _b bubble diameter (m) - g acceleration of gravity (m/s²) - j _g flow flux of gas phase accountable to buoyancy (m/s) - j _t flow flux of gas phase accountable to turbulence (m/s) - k ₄ constant relating reduction of liquid shear stress by bubble presence to decrease of force imparted to bubble by its displacement due to turbulence - l _b mixing length of gas phase (m) - l _m mixing length of liquid phase (m) - l _mb diminution of liquid phase mixing length by bubble presence (m) - Q _G rate of air supply to liquid stream (l/min) - q _/g velocity of bubble rise (m/s) - 2R height of horizontal channel (m) - T _* integral time scale (s) - U _m mean stream velocity in channel (m/s) - U friction velocity in channel (m/s) - V volume of a bubble (m³) - u, ¯ v time-averaged stream velocities inx- andy-directions, respectively (m/s) - u, v turbulent velocity components inx- andy-directions, respectively (m/s) - v root mean square of turbulence component in they-direction (m/s) - root mean square of bubble displacement iny-direction with reference to turbulent liquid phase velocity (m) - y displacement from ceiling (m) - local void fraction - _m mean void fraction in boundary layer - _m constant relating local void fraction to law-of-the-wall constant - _t reduction of turbulent stress (N/m²) - law-of-the-wall constant in turbulent liquid region in absence of bubbles - ₁ law-of-the-wall constant in turbulent liquid region in presence of bubbles - ₂ law-of-the-wall constant in gas phase - _m constant indicating representative turbulence scale (m) - viscosity (Pa × s) - v kinematic viscosity (m²/s) - density (kg/m³) Suffixes G gas - L liquid - 0 absence of bubbles     

Queue discharge patterns at signalized intersections with green signal countdown device and long cycle length

Two apparent features that prevail at signalized intersections in China are green signal countdown device and long cycle lengths. The objective of this study is to investigate the impacts of green signal countdown device and long cycle length on queue discharge patterns and to discuss its implications on capacity estimation in the context of China's traffic. At five typical large intersections in Shanghai and Tianjin, 11 through lanes were observed, and 9251 saturation headways were obtained as valid samples. Statistical analyses indicate that the discharge process of queuing vehicles can be divided into three distinct stages according to the discharge flow rate: a start‐up stage, a steady stage, and a rush stage. The average time for queuing vehicles to reach a stationary saturation flow rate, that is, the start‐up stage, was found to be approximately 20–30 seconds; the rush stage usually occurs during the phase transition period. The finding is contrary to the conventional assumption that the discharge rate reaches a maximum value after the fourth vehicle is discharged and then remains constant during the green time until the queue is completely dissolved. The capacity estimation errors that might arise from the conventional methods are discussed through a comparative study and a sensitivity analysis that are based on the identified queue discharge patterns. In addition, a piecewise linear regression method was proposed in order to reduce such errors. The proposed method can be used for capacity estimation at signalized intersections with the identified queue discharge patterns. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

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论文在综述国内外研究现状的基础上，对公路平交口右转专用车道的设置条件，设置方法进行了研究。通过对右转车辆转弯过程的微观解析，提出了信号交叉口及无信号交叉口偏置右转专用车道长度的计算方法，并通过分析无偏置条件下的非正常变道车辆对后续右转车流的影响，提出了无偏置右转车道的长度计算方法。     

基于直线线性的城市支路长度分析

城市支路设计缺乏统一标准,不合理的支路系统将影响主次干路与支路间的协调作用,使整个城市道路网络运营效率降低。文章从驾驶员心理感受、操作的方便性、速度调整3个方面研究了支路应该满足的最小长度;并针对城市支路存在的一些问题提出了相应的改善措施,从而为支路的规划和设计提供参考。     

南京白果桥主缆长度计算

根据自锚式悬索桥的实际受力特点,介绍了主缆长度的计算方法——分段悬链线法。该方法根据力学平衡条件和变形相容条件,采用解析表达式和数值迭代计算方法解决主缆长度计算问题,自动计入索曲线的非线性,并结合工程实例阐述该方法在主缆下料时的应用,证明该方法是可靠有效的。     

剪切变形对单层单跨框架稳定的影响

根据Timoshenko二广义位移梁理论,导出了考虑剪切变形影响压弯构件的解析解和弯矩-转角位移方程.利用位移法分析了单层单跨框架柱下端分别为铰接或固结时的对称与反对称失稳问题,建立了失稳时关于计算长度系数的超越方程.在此基础上,计算了单层单跨框架不同剪弯刚度比的计算长度系数,并与不考虑剪切变形影响的结果进行了比较,得出了剪切变形显著影响无侧移失稳框架的计算长度系数,但不影响有侧移失稳框架的计算长度系数,且得到现行的不考虑剪切变形影响的计算长度系数法偏不安全等结论,指出本研究所用方法可推广至多层多跨框架稳定分析中.     

机场跑道长度可靠性设计方法

将可靠性理论引入跑道长度计算,对有关变量作了统计分析,获得了空气相对密度、风速、驾驶误差系数、着陆接地点到跑道端的距离等变量的分布规律。采用遗传算法和重要抽样法进行了跑道长度可靠度分析,提出了一种基于可靠性理论的跑道长度设计方法,对永备机场进行了可靠性评价,其平均失效概率是4 75×10-4,实际失效概率为2×10-43×10-4,两者比较接近。计算结果表明可靠性方法对跑道长度设计和安全性评价是可行的。     

数控铣削加工中防止撞刀的措施

本文以铣削加工为例,分析加工零件时,出现加工误差、撞断刀具的原因,提出了几种防止撞断刀具的方法以及应注意的事项,特别对如何正确使用刀具长度补偿指令进行了说明。     

天津市城市轨道交通线网规模研究

介绍轨道交通线网合理规模的含义,以世界城市轨道交通较为成熟的东京、伦敦、巴黎、纽约、新加坡、上海、北京等城市为案例,总结其轨道交通发展指标.结合天津市的实际情况,采用交通出行需求分析法对天津市中心城市轨道交通的线网规模进行匡算;同时参照国内外同类城市轨道交通线网规模技术指标,从轨道交通线网面积密度和轨道交通线网人口密度两个方面,对服务水平进行类比分析,提出天津市中心城市轨道交通线网的合理规模.通过对比分析匡算结果,最终得出天津市中心城市轨道交通2020年线网合理规模为474～526 km,2040年线网合理规模为775 ～ 850 km.     

重载机车扁销钩缓装置的受压稳定性

建立钩尾圆弧摩擦面与从板圆弧摩擦面的曲面—曲面接触摩擦数学模型,并结合改进的具有非线性迟滞特性的缓冲器数学模型和扁销止挡数学模型,采用SIMPACK软件建立重载机车扁销钩缓装置的动力学分析模型并验证其准确性,研究钩尾与从板间的摩擦系数及它们相互接触的圆弧摩擦面半径对钩缓装置受压稳定性的影响。结果表明:摩擦系数对钩缓装置的受压稳定性影响较大,随着摩擦系数的增大,钩尾的摩擦约束作用逐渐增强,钩缓装置的受压稳定性也随之增强,车钩转角呈阶梯形减小,建议摩擦系数的合理控制范围为0.25~0.45;钩尾的圆弧摩擦面半径越大、从板圆的圆弧摩擦面半径越小,则钩缓装置的受压稳定性越好。