基于社会力模型的地铁站乘客上下车行为影响因素分析

在上下班高峰期,缩短乘客的上下车时间,更多乘客将会被送达目的地,从而可以提高现有地铁系统的载客能力.现有的国内外研究乘客上下车行为的文献,大多以全部乘客下车为前提进行研究,这与现实生活中只有部分乘客下车的现象不符.因此在社会力模型的基础上加入规定未下车乘客行为的等待模型,在等待模型中,未下车乘客倾向于停留在初始位置.模拟了部分乘客下车行为,并研究了乘客初始位置分布、上下车乘客比例、门的宽度等因素对部分上下车乘客所需上下车时间的影响.结果表明,车门宽度增加23.08%,最多可节约39.7%的上车时间和39.62%的下车时间;随着上下车人数比例不断上升,平均上车时间不断下降,平均下车时间不断上升;通过改变下车乘客初始分布位置,可以将乘客下车时间缩短至原来的72.16%.     

Design of tyre force excitation for tyre–road friction estimation

Knowledge of the current tyre–road friction coefficient is essential for future autonomous vehicles. The environmental conditions, and the tyre–road friction in particular, determine both the braking distance and the maximum cornering velocity and thus set the boundaries for the vehicle. Tyre–road friction is difficult to estimate during normal driving due to low levels of tyre force excitation. This problem can be solved by using active tyre force excitation. A torque is added to one or several wheels in the purpose of estimating the tyre–road friction coefficient. Active tyre force excitation provides the opportunity to design the tyre force excitation freely. This study investigates how the tyre force should be applied to minimise the error of the tyre–road friction estimate. The performance of different excitation strategies was found to be dependent on both tyre model choice and noise level. Furthermore, the advantage with using tyre models with more parameters decreased when noise was added to the force and slip ratio.     

The Kalker book of tables for non-Hertzian contact of wheel and rail

A new regularisation of non-elliptical contact patches has been introduced, which enables building the look-up table called by us the Kalker book of tables for non-Hertzian contact (KBTNH), which is a fast creep force generator that can be used by multibody dynamics system simulation programs. The non-elliptical contact patch is regularised by a simple double-elliptical contact region (SDEC). The SDEC region is especially suitable for regularisation of contact patches obtained with approximate non-Hertzian methods for solving the normal contact problem of wheel and rail. The new regularisation is suitable for wheels and rails with any profiles, including worn profiles.

The paper describes the new procedure of regularisation of the non-elliptical contact patch, the structure of the Kalker book of tables, and parameterisation of the independent variables of the tables and creep forces.

A moderate volume Kalker book of tables for SDEC region suitable for simulation of modern running gears has been computed in co-simulation of Matlab and program CONTACT.

To access the creep forces of the Kalker book of tables, the linear interpolation has been applied.

The creep forces obtained from KBTNH have been compared to those obtained by program CONTACT and FASTSIM algorithm. FASTSIM has been applied on both the contact ellipse and the SDEC contact patch. The comparison shows that KBTNH is in good agreement with CONTACT for a wide range of creepage condition and shapes of the contact patch, whereas the use of FASTSIM on the elliptical patch and SDEC may lead to significant deviations from the reference CONTACT solutions.

The computational cost of calling creep forces from KBTNH has been estimated by comparing CPU time of FASTSIM and KBTNH. The KBTNH is 7.8–51 times faster than FASTSIM working on 36–256 discretisation elements, respectively.

In the example of application, the KBTNH has been applied for curving simulations and results compared with those obtained with the creep force generator employing the elliptical regularisation. The results significantly differ, especially in predicted creepages, because the elliptical regularisation neglects generation of the longitudinal creep force by spin creepage.     

钢管混凝土拱桥吊杆施工技术优化研究

有吊杆参与的桥梁结构均存在结构线型调整与吊杆索力优化问题,吊杆张拉状况很大程度上可决定桥梁结构最终的外形和内力分布情况。以钢管混凝土拱桥吊杆施工优化关键技术为对象,研究吊杆施工初始张拉力的确定以及不同吊杆张拉顺序对成桥状态的影响。     

桥墩防落石碰撞柔性设计方法及分析

基于动力学基本原理,从非线性、接触以及本构关系计算理论建立落石-桥墩防撞物柔性碰撞精细化计算模型,并对关键计算参数给出建议取值.利用钢结构柔性变形吸收落石碰撞能量,提出一种桥墩防落石碰撞柔性设计方法,并详细给出该防落石碰撞构造措施的结构组成形式.利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA动力分析计算程序,考虑几何、材料双重非线性,精细化数值仿真计算落石撞击防撞物的动态全过程,以一个偏安全的极限碰撞状态,分别从运动行为(撞击力、位移、速度、加速度)以及能量转换(系统动能、系统变形能)角度进行计算结果与数据分析,证明所提出的柔性防撞设计思路以及防撞措施的合理性与优越性.     

落石作用于钢筋混凝土棚洞的冲击力研究

为解决钢筋混凝土棚洞设计中的关键问题之一,即如何计算落石作用于钢筋混凝土棚洞的最大冲击力问题,以冲量定理为基础,推导出了落石最大冲击力的近似计算方法;以实际棚洞结构为原型,利用有限元方法确定近似计算方法中参数的取值,得到了落石作用于钢筋混凝土棚洞的冲击力公式。该公式考虑了落石形状、质量、冲击速度、垫层材料、垫层厚度以及棚洞跨度等主要影响因素,并与试验数据作对比验证了该公式的合理性。研究结果表明:落石形状、质量、冲击速度、垫层材料、垫层厚度对冲击力影响较大,而棚洞跨度对冲击力影响较小;落石形状、质量、垫层材料、垫层厚度对冲击时间影响较大,冲击速度、棚洞跨度对冲击时间影响较小。该结论可为今后钢筋混凝土棚洞在落石冲击作用下的设计提供理论依据。     

大跨径无桥台斜腿刚架桥的展望

无桥台斜腿刚架桥是近年发展起来的一种新桥型。通过研究其受力特性和构造形式，指出该桥型向大跨径发展的可能性。     

砂堤的荷载与稳定性分析

结合福州闽江橘园洲砂堤工程 ,详细分析了砂堤受到的各项荷载 ,研究了反向渗流力对砂堤稳定安全系数的影响 ,结果说明 ,反向渗流力对稳定所起的作用有时是相当可观的。本文通过大量计算 ,探讨了在几种情况下反向渗流力对稳定安全系数的影响 ,结果显示强度指标组合、坡比对反向渗流力所起作用的程度影响不明显 ,而上、下游水位差成为显著的影响因素。当水位差与堤身高度的比例到 70 %时 ,考虑反向渗流力将使安全系数提高 2 5 %以上     

沉管隧道变截面管段浮运水流力及系缆桩可靠性分析

为探索沉管隧道变截面管段浮运过程的水流力与系缆桩可靠性,以广州洲头咀沉管隧道为依托,借助CFD软件建立流体动力学模型,计算管段横向浮运所受的水流力并探讨规范水流力公式的适用性;以此为基础,利用ANSYS开展管段浮运系缆桩可靠性分析。研究表明： 1) 规范水流力公式具备一定的适用性,采用结构形式为矩形梁时对应的水流阻力系数会导致与数值计算结果存在不容忽视的差别,通过CFD计算结果修正后两者吻合较好; 2) 系缆桩处于弹性受力状态,刚度与强度均未被削弱,设计方案可满足浮运安全要求; 3) 钢丝绳拉力作用下管段结构混凝土处于带裂缝工作状态,需基于计算结果对系缆桩预埋件锚固区做局部加强以抑制裂缝发展。