施工工期与工程成本的关系

在工程建设过程中，合理确定施工工期，做好工期成本优化，对工程成本的控制将会产生很大影响。此文通过案例分析了工期和成本之间的关系，阐述了施工方案不同，其工程成本就不同；如果施工方案一定，工期不同，工程成本也不同。直接成本在一般情况下会随着工期的缩短而增加；间接成本会随着工期的缩短而减少。因此，制定先进可行的施工方案、采用流水施工作业方式、使用网络技术控制工程计划、施工实现四化作业一次达标等4项措施，可以缩短工期、降低成本。     

海底沉管隧道施工引起的沉降实测与计算分析

文章以浙江某海底沉管隧道施工期间的沉降监测为例,根据实测数据分析了沉降的发展规律,对单个管节沉降和多个管节不均匀沉降进行了研究;从土体压缩的角度探讨了海底沉管隧道施工期间的沉降机理,提出施工时间差异和单管节累积沉降差异是不均匀沉降发生的主要原因;同时,从施工外因的角度对注浆、回填的影响做了分析,发现注浆的差异是后续不均匀沉降发生的内因,而回填造成的基础层和土层的压缩是造成施工期间沉降的外因;采用分层总和法,反分析得到基础层的压缩模量为1.89MPa,表明基础层压缩特性较差,这是由基础层大量回淤导致的。     

关于碳质板岩隧道大变形机理及应对措施的探讨

兰渝铁路木寨岭隧道是在高地应力、碳质板岩等软弱围岩的复杂地质条件下修建的隧道,在碳质板岩段出现了明显的大变形和局部破坏。针对木寨岭隧道的大变形,文章分析了碳质板岩大变形发生的影响因素,探究了碳质板岩的塑变、板梁弯曲、剪切滑移、压杆破坏等大变形机理,提出了调整隧道围岩受力、加强支护、超前控制等施工措施。     

长江漫滩地区基坑施工对周边地表沉降及地下管线影响的现场试验研究

深基坑工程地下水位的降低会造成基坑周围地表沉降;而对于地下水丰富地区的基坑工程,由于基坑内大面积降水,坑外地表沉降的现象更为严重,并对周围地下管线会产生较大影响。文章以南京青奥线梅子洲过江通道接线工程为背景,介绍了长江漫滩地区基坑施工的工程概况和监测点的布置及监测结果,并对监测数据进行了研究分析,总结出了深基坑工程周围地表及地下管线的沉降原因和沉降规律,提出了应对措施。     

松散地层浅埋水工隧洞现场监测试验研究

在北京市南水北调配套工程南干渠工程试验段工程实践中,对松散土层浅埋水工隧洞施工中地层沉降进行了现场监控量测.文章基于监测结果,分析了该隧洞地层的变形特点,指出了松散土层中浅埋暗挖隧洞地层的变形规律,以及开挖影响的时空范围.研究分析的方法和结论可为类似条件下隧洞工程的设计、施工、监测和进一步的理论研究提供参考和借鉴.     

城市大断面浅埋隧道中导洞法施工安全性评价——厦门国际旅游码头隧道

厦门国际旅游码头隧道虽然全长仅110 m,但存在隧道埋深浅、围岩条件差、开挖跨度大等不利条件。隧道采用中导洞法施工,施工中进行了位移、初期支护应力、初期支护与围岩接触压力、锚杆轴力等现场监测,监测结果及分析表明:该工法安全、可靠,施工方便。文章介绍了该隧道的工程概况、施工方法、施工监测结果及分析,可供类似工程借鉴。     

宝塔山隧道不良地质段围岩施工稳定性分析

文章利用非线性有限元数值计算模型,对宝塔山隧道不良地质段开挖施工过程中的围岩应力及位移变化情况进行了模拟分析。结果表明,隧道围岩应力及变形均满足规范要求,处于稳定状态。     

Surrounding traffic complexity analysis for efficient and stable conflict resolution

The constant increase in air traffic demand increases a probability of the separation minima infringements in certain areas as a consequence of increased traffic density. The Annual Safety Report 2016 reports that in recent years the number of infringements, measured per million flight hours, had been increased at a lower rate (Eurocontrol, 2018). However, this level of infringements still generates a continuous pressure on the air traffic control (ATC) system and seeks for more control resources ready to tactically solve potential conflicts, while increasing at the same time the operational costs. Considering present air traffic management (ATM) trade-off criteria: increased airspace capacity and traffic efficiency but reducing the cost while preserving safety, new services must be designed to distribute the separation management ATC task loads among other actors. Based on the Single European Sky Air Traffic Management Research and Next Generation Air Transportation System initiatives, this paper proposes an innovative separation management service to shift the completely centralized tactical ATC interventions to more efficient decentralized tactical operations relying on an advanced surrounding traffic analysis tool, to preserve the safety indicators while considering the operational efficiency. A developed methodology for the proposed service is an application-oriented, trying to respond to characteristics and requirements of the current operational environment. The paper further analysis the traffic complexity taking into consideration the so-called domino effect, i.e. a number of the surrounding aircraft causally involved in the separation management service by the means of identification of the spatiotemporal interdependencies between them and the conflicting aircraft. This complexity is driven by the interdependencies structure and expressed as a time-criticality in quantifying the total number of the system solutions, that varies over time as the aircraft are approaching to each other. The results from two randomly selected ecosystem scenarios, extracted from a simulated traffic, illustrate different avoidance capacities for a given look-ahead time and the system solutions counts, that in discrete moments reach zero value.     

California’s Low Carbon Fuel Standard: Modeling financial least-cost pathways to compliance in Northwest California

The transition to low-carbon transportation fuels plays a key role in ongoing efforts to combat climate change. This analysis seeks to optimize potential alternative fuel portfolios that would lead to a 10% reduction in fuel carbon intensity by 2020 as required under California’s Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS).We present a novel, probabilistic modeling approach for evaluating alternative fuel portfolios based on their marginal greenhouse gas (GHG) abatement costs. Applied to a case study region in Northwest California, our model enables us to quantify the financial cost of GHG reduction via each fuel pathway, as well as for a portfolio deployed to meet the LCFS target. It also enables us to explore the sensitivity of the alternative fuel portfolio, evaluating the impact of fluctuating prices, fuel carbon intensities, and technology penetrations on the makeup of the portfolio and on the average cost of GHG abatement.We find that battery electric vehicles play a critical role, as they offer the lowest-financial-cost significant abatement in almost all plausible scenarios. However, electric vehicles alone will not be sufficient to reach the target; low-carbon biofuels can be expected to play a role in the achievement of 2020 Low Carbon Fuel Standard targets.     

A framework for estimating traffic emissions: The development of Passenger Car Emission Unit

In this study, we develop a Passenger Car Emission Unit (PCEU) framework for estimating traffic emissions. The idea is analogous to the use of Passenger Car Unit (PCU) for modeling the congestion effect of different vehicle types. In this approach, we integrate emission modeling and cost evaluation. Different emissions, typically speed-dependent, are integrated as an overall cost via their corresponding external costs. We then develop a normalization procedure to obtain a general trend that is applicable for all vehicle types, which is used to derive a standard cost curve. Different vehicle types with different emission standards are then mapped to this standard cost curve through their corresponding PCEUs that are to be calibrated. Once the standard cost curve and PCEUs have been calibrated, to estimate the overall cost of emission for a particular vehicle, we only need to multiply the corresponding PCEU of that vehicle type to the standard cost curve. We apply this PCEU approach to Hong Kong and obtain promising results. Compared with the results obtained by the full-blown emission model COPERT, the approach achieves high accuracy but obviates tedious inputs typically required for emission estimation.