轿车保险杠的设计

轿车保险杠是轿车整体造型的重要组成部分，与周边零件的搭接关系十分密切，保险杠在造型和结构设计阶段要充分考虑制造可行性以及工艺实现的难易程度。文章介绍了几款车型的造型面和结构处理方式，以及一套模具满足不同配置要求的结构设计，表明了保险杠的造型和结构设计对整车优化工艺和降低成本的重要性，指出美观而合理的造型，能为制造和运输等工序提供良好基础，使成品率和稳定性得到提高。     

对于如何降低地铁成本的几点思考

就如何降低地铁成本从地铁的规划、设计、施工等几个方面谈了几点建议,相信对于城市轨道交通相关从事人员会有一定的参考意义。     

丹东(国际)客运站基坑支护工程、降水工程施工过程中的造价控制

结合丹东(国际)客运站基坑支护、降水工程施工方案,阐述了施工过程中的造价控制方法,提出加强工程施工阶段造价控制是优化投资经济和技术组合、缓解建设资金的供求矛盾、降低工程成本、提高经济效益的有效途径。     

西北沙漠戈壁地区混凝土浇筑特殊养护措施费用分析

地处风沙、干旱地区的建设工程,自然环境条件恶劣,混凝土结构物经过浇筑后,需采取特殊养护措施,才能保证工程质量,从而造成费用增加.此文以处于沙漠戈壁地区的LX铁路部分区段为例,就铁路轨道支撑层、道床板和桥梁墩台采用特殊养护措施所需的材料和人工消耗及费用单价进行分析与计算,并与常规养护措施进行比较.说明采取特殊养护措施后相应费用的不足.应研究解决费用增加的方案。     

The cost of equity: Assessing transit accessibility and social disparity using total travel cost

Social equity is increasingly incorporated as a long-term objective into urban transportation plans. Researchers use accessibility measures to assess equity issues, such as determining the amount of jobs reachable by marginalized groups within a defined travel time threshold and compare these measures across socioeconomic categories. However, allocating public transit resources in an equitable manner is not only related to travel time, but also related to the out-of-pocket cost of transit, which can represent a major barrier to accessibility for many disadvantaged groups. Therefore, this research proposes a set of new accessibility measures that incorporates both travel time and transit fares. It then applies those measures to determine whether people residing in socially disadvantaged neighborhoods in Montreal, Canada experience the same levels of transit accessibility as those living in other neighborhoods. Results are presented in terms of regional accessibility and trends by social indicator decile. Travel time accessibility measures estimate a higher number of jobs that can be reached compared to combined travel time and cost measures. However, the degree and impact of these measures varies across the social deciles. Compared to other groups in the region, residents of socially disadvantaged areas have more equitable accessibility to jobs using transit; this is reflected in smaller decreases in accessibility when fare costs are included. Generating new measures of accessibility combining travel time and transit fares provides more accurate measures that can be easily communicated by transportation planners and engineers to policy makers and the public since it translates accessibility measures to a dollar value.     

工程项目管理与项目成本控制

企业要建立现代企业制度必须科学有效地进行项目管理。施工企业只有把管理的基点放在项目管理上，通过加强项目管理，实现项目合同目标，进行项目成本控制，提高工程投资效益，才能提高企业综合经济效益，求得社会信誉，从而获得企业生存，发展的空间。作者首先简述项目管理的内容和特点以及项目管理的施工系统，介绍项目成本控制原则，最后提出项目成本控制的几项措施。     

对公路工程项目施工成本控制的探讨

对公路施工项目施工成本的构成、项目核算办公室成立及功能进行阐述，采用统计、核算、监督、控制的手段对施工项目成本进行控制，及时反馈有关费用并进行分析整理。做到堵漏、增效。     

企业内部成本核算中的单价变更简易计算法

针对建筑企业内部成本核算与业主对计量的不同要求，以土石方工程为例，提出企业内部在合同实施过程中，应实事求是地进行分项工程单价调整，并给出简易计算公式。     

工程机械租赁使用的定量分析法

以施工企业租赁机械为研究对象,对设备租赁的过程进行了定量分析,明确了机械租赁中各类费用的计算方法,建立了机械租赁总费用计算的数学模型和求解的递推公式,对施工企业如何最佳地租赁机械具有较大的实用价值.     

Multi-objective optimization for asphalt pavement maintenance plans at project level: Integrating performance,cost and environment

Traditionally, asphalt pavement maintenance mainly considers pavement performance and cost and largely ignores the environment while substantial amount of environmental burdens are released in the process. In this study, a multi-objective optimization model was developed integrating the three elements in order to optimize the asphalt pavement maintenance plans at the project level. Pavement performance element was decided as the multiplier of pavement serviceability index and traffic volume. Cost element was represented by the net present value, including components of agency cost, vehicle operation cost and salvage value. Environmental element, integrating energy consumption, global warming potential, acidification potential and respiratory effects potential, was measured by the life cycle assessment model. A hypothetic asphalt pavement maintenance case study was conducted using the developed multi-objective optimization model and harvested 103 sets of feasible combinations of maintenance plans, each of which is non-dominated by the others. Trade-offs analysis was performed among the three objectives and visualized in both two- and three-dimension forms. It is found there is an opportunity of reducing the cost and environmental impacts to 80.3% and 77.8% and increasing the pavement performance to 146.6% compared to the base case. However, they are mutually compromised and cannot be reached simultaneously. The developed model reveals the quantitatively interactive relationship of the three objectives and helps optimize the asphalt pavement maintenance plans.