The cost of equity: Assessing transit accessibility and social disparity using total travel cost

Social equity is increasingly incorporated as a long-term objective into urban transportation plans. Researchers use accessibility measures to assess equity issues, such as determining the amount of jobs reachable by marginalized groups within a defined travel time threshold and compare these measures across socioeconomic categories. However, allocating public transit resources in an equitable manner is not only related to travel time, but also related to the out-of-pocket cost of transit, which can represent a major barrier to accessibility for many disadvantaged groups. Therefore, this research proposes a set of new accessibility measures that incorporates both travel time and transit fares. It then applies those measures to determine whether people residing in socially disadvantaged neighborhoods in Montreal, Canada experience the same levels of transit accessibility as those living in other neighborhoods. Results are presented in terms of regional accessibility and trends by social indicator decile. Travel time accessibility measures estimate a higher number of jobs that can be reached compared to combined travel time and cost measures. However, the degree and impact of these measures varies across the social deciles. Compared to other groups in the region, residents of socially disadvantaged areas have more equitable accessibility to jobs using transit; this is reflected in smaller decreases in accessibility when fare costs are included. Generating new measures of accessibility combining travel time and transit fares provides more accurate measures that can be easily communicated by transportation planners and engineers to policy makers and the public since it translates accessibility measures to a dollar value.     

工程项目管理与项目成本控制

企业要建立现代企业制度必须科学有效地进行项目管理。施工企业只有把管理的基点放在项目管理上，通过加强项目管理，实现项目合同目标，进行项目成本控制，提高工程投资效益，才能提高企业综合经济效益，求得社会信誉，从而获得企业生存，发展的空间。作者首先简述项目管理的内容和特点以及项目管理的施工系统，介绍项目成本控制原则，最后提出项目成本控制的几项措施。     

对公路工程项目施工成本控制的探讨

对公路施工项目施工成本的构成、项目核算办公室成立及功能进行阐述，采用统计、核算、监督、控制的手段对施工项目成本进行控制，及时反馈有关费用并进行分析整理。做到堵漏、增效。     

企业内部成本核算中的单价变更简易计算法

针对建筑企业内部成本核算与业主对计量的不同要求，以土石方工程为例，提出企业内部在合同实施过程中，应实事求是地进行分项工程单价调整，并给出简易计算公式。     

工程机械租赁使用的定量分析法

以施工企业租赁机械为研究对象,对设备租赁的过程进行了定量分析,明确了机械租赁中各类费用的计算方法,建立了机械租赁总费用计算的数学模型和求解的递推公式,对施工企业如何最佳地租赁机械具有较大的实用价值.     

Multi-objective optimization for asphalt pavement maintenance plans at project level: Integrating performance,cost and environment

Traditionally, asphalt pavement maintenance mainly considers pavement performance and cost and largely ignores the environment while substantial amount of environmental burdens are released in the process. In this study, a multi-objective optimization model was developed integrating the three elements in order to optimize the asphalt pavement maintenance plans at the project level. Pavement performance element was decided as the multiplier of pavement serviceability index and traffic volume. Cost element was represented by the net present value, including components of agency cost, vehicle operation cost and salvage value. Environmental element, integrating energy consumption, global warming potential, acidification potential and respiratory effects potential, was measured by the life cycle assessment model. A hypothetic asphalt pavement maintenance case study was conducted using the developed multi-objective optimization model and harvested 103 sets of feasible combinations of maintenance plans, each of which is non-dominated by the others. Trade-offs analysis was performed among the three objectives and visualized in both two- and three-dimension forms. It is found there is an opportunity of reducing the cost and environmental impacts to 80.3% and 77.8% and increasing the pavement performance to 146.6% compared to the base case. However, they are mutually compromised and cannot be reached simultaneously. The developed model reveals the quantitatively interactive relationship of the three objectives and helps optimize the asphalt pavement maintenance plans.     

Optimal development of alternative fuel station networks considering node capacity restrictions

A potential solution to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the transport sector is the use of alternative fuel vehicles (AFV). As global GHG emission standards have been in place for passenger cars for several years, infrastructure modelling for new AFV is an established topic. However, as the regulatory focus shifts towards heavy-duty vehicles (HDV), the market diffusion of AFV-HDV will increase as will planning the relevant AFV infrastructure for HDV. Existing modelling approaches need to be adapted, because the energy demand per individual refill increases significantly for HDV and there are regulatory as well as technical limitations for alternative fuel station (AFS) capacities at the same time. While the current research takes capacity restrictions for single stations into account, capacity limits for locations (i.e. nodes) – the places where refuelling stations are built such as highway entries, exits or intersections – are not yet considered. We extend existing models in this respect and introduce an optimal development for AFS considering (station) location capacity restrictions. The proposed method is applied to a case study of a potential fuel cell heavy-duty vehicle AFS network. We find that the location capacity limit has a major impact on the number of stations required, station utilization and station portfolio variety.     

基于执业能力视角的卓越造价工程师的培养

国家提出“实施卓越工程师人才教育培养计划”,为工程造价专业的发展创造了新的机遇。但在实施“卓越工程师”计划中如何开创新的教育模式,此文在基于工程建设的需求和培养卓越造价工程师的愿景,从强化执业能力训练的角度,对如何培养卓越造价工程师提出实施策略和几点设想。     

美国铁路煤炭运输

介绍美国铁路煤炭运输的发展概况与产销特点：煤炭资源丰富,产地集中,消费的地域集中度不高,但其产业集中度很高。煤炭运输的产销特点决定了美国铁路煤炭的运输组织方式以单元列车为主,技术装备配置以煤炭客户自备车为主。其煤炭运价分为公布运价和合同运价,当燃油价格超过基准价格时,美国铁路运输公司收取燃油附加费。由于煤炭运输市场竞争充分,煤炭供求双方具备强大的市场谈判能力,因此美国铁路煤炭运输的收入率较低。     

探析突破施工企业成本核算人才瓶颈的对策

文章从某施工企业项目成本核算人才缺失的现状出发,分析了施工企业成本核算人才缺失的原因及危害,提出了突破施工企业成本核算人才瓶颈的对策。